Moist barley preserved with acid in the diet of the growing pig

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Perez-Aleman ◽  
D. G. Dempster ◽  
P. R. English ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYThe feeding value of moist barley (approximately 27% moisture) which had been treated with 1·3 % of a mixture of formic (70 %) and propionic (30 %) acids was compared with that of dried barley for growing pigs from 23 to 85 kg live weight. Two experiments were undertaken; 96 pigs were fed ad libitum on one of three diets containing dried or acid-treated moist barley and another 48 pigs were individually fed on one of four diets containing dried or acid-treated moist barley in controlled amounts. These amounts were governed by an allowance of dry matter at a certain live weight.In neither experiment were significant differences found between the treatments in growth rate or efficiency of utilization of food dry matter. Pigs fed ad libitum showed no significant difference in intake of dry matter, but those given the diet containing dried barley had a higher content of fat in their carcass than those on the acid-treated barley. A total of 21 pigs, 16 fed ad libitum and all receiving diets containing acid-treated barley had a discolouration of fat in the carcass.

Moist barley preserved with propionic acid in the diet of the growing pig

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. English ◽  
J. H. Topps ◽  
D. G. Dempster
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Better Than

SUMMARYThe feeding value of three forms of acid-treated moist barley, viz. 26 % moisture and either rolled or plate-milled, and 29 % moisture plate-milled, was compared with that of dried hammer-milled barley for growing pigs from 23 to 87 kg live weight. Two feeding experiments were undertaken, one in which individual pigs were given the same amount of dry matter from all the diets, while in the other, groups of pigs were fed ad libitum. Digestibility of the diet was determined in a third experiment.In both feeding experiments differences between treatments in efficiency of utilization of dry matter in the feed were significant (P<0·05), that for the diet containing dried barley being approximately 5% better than the other three. There were no significant differences between treatments in intake of dry matter, rate of growth and carcass quality of the pigs. However, pigs fed on dried barley apparently grew more rapidly than those given any of the acid-treated moist barleys. Differences in digestibility of the diets were very small and not significant except for crude protein. Differences in digestibility of protein (P<0·05), however, were not consistent with differences in efficiency of conversion of dry matter in the feed.

Moist barley for growing pigs: some effects of storage method and processing

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
H. Denerley ◽  
C. S. Stewart ◽  
F. W. H. Elsley
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bacterial Development ◽  
Feeding Value

SUMMARYForty-eight pigs were used to compare the feeding value of barley which had been stored dry, and then hammer-milled, with that of barley stored moist, either anaerobically or treated with 1·3% propionic acid, and then rolled. The pigs were fed from 30 kg live weight for a period of 11 weeks and during this period all consumed the same allowance of dry matter. The growth rate and feed conversion ratio of the pigs given the rolled moist barley were significantly poorer than those of others given dry milled or acid treated rolled barley. There were no treatment differences in carcass attributes.Microbiological counts made throughout the experiment showed that there was no significant fungal or bacterial development on the acid treated barley. Similar numbers of bacteria were present on the dry barley as on the moist, but the fungal count for the moist grain was always at least 500 times higher than that of the corresponding dry sample. The dominant organisms were identified.In a further experiment the apparent digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen of diets containing dry, moist or propionic acid treated barley, processed either by milling or rolling, were determined. The highest values were obtained for dry barley. Acid treated moist barley had lower values than moist barley. The method of processing did not affect the apparent digestibility of the dry matter, but that of the N was significantly lower for the rolled barleys.

Effect of social group size and initial live weight on feeder space requirement of growing pigs given food ad libitum

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.P. Turner ◽  
M. Dahlgren ◽  
D.S. Arey ◽  
S.A. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Space Requirement ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Feeder Space

AbstractFeeder space allowance should be sufficient to ensure adequate access to food for all group members, irrespective of competitive ability. However, the influence of social group size on minimum feeder space requirement of pigs given food ad libitum is poorly understood. Performance, aggression and feeding behaviour were assessed over a 6-week period from 29·3 (s.e. 0·19) kg live weight, using four replicates of a 2 ✕ 2 factorial design with two group sizes (20 v. 80) (small and large) and two feeder space allowances (32·5 v. 42·5 mm per pig) (low and high). Food intake was significantly lower in the low feeder space allowance treatments (1·44 v. 1·56 (s.e.d. 0·050) kg per pig per day, P < 0·05) and group mean growth rate was reduced in the later phase between 41 and 56 kg live weight. There was no main effect of group size or interactive effect between group size and feeder space allowance on performance. Mean skin lesion score and the frequency of aggression given or received at the feeders was unaffected by treatment. Heavy weight pigs showed similar feeding behaviour in each treatment, but light pigs visited the feeder more frequently in groups of 20 (23·1 v. 16·0 (s.e.d. 2·04) visits per pig per day, P < 0·05) and spent the greatest time feeding when at a low feeder space allowance (5461 v. 4397 (s.e.d. 288·8) s per pig per day, P < 0·05). To avoid a depression in growth rate, pigs >40 kg should be allocated a minimum feeder space allowance of 42·5 mm per pig. There was little indication of a need to specify differential feeder space allowances according to group size.

The utilization of dried forage crops by growing ruminants

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218
Author(s):  
M. J. Owers ◽  
H. Swan ◽  
B. Wilton
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SUMMARYMixtures (1: 1) of whole-crop dried wheat or barley, with peas or beans as a nitrogen supplement, were fed ad libitum to four groups of 16 6-mo-old male castrate sheep for a period of 42 days in 1971. The mean dry-matter consumptions (kg/day) and live-weight gains (g/day) were: wheat+peas 1·69, 264; wheat+beans 2·05, 288; barley+peas 1·80, 282; and barley+beans 1·81, 229. This experiment was repeated in 1972. The differences between treatments were non-significant.Dried pelleted whole-crop maize was fed ad libitum to British Friesian steers for 90 days, in conjunction with molasses and one of three protein sources, soya bean meal, urea or whole crop beans. The dry-matter intakes (kg/day) and live-weight gains (kg) were: maize+soya 9·68, 1·26; maize+urea 9·38, 10·4; and maize+beans 9·72, 1·15.Dried maize in conjunction with urea, whole crop beans and dried grass to supply crude protein levels between 9 and 11% was fed to 48 Hereford × British Friesian steers. The dry-matter intakes (kg/day) and live-weight gains (kg/day) were: whole crop maize, 8·35, 0·87; whole crop maize+urea, 9·55, 1·0; whole crop maize+whole crop beans, 7·44, 0·70; whole crop maize+dried grass, 8·94, 1·15; whole crop maize+rolled barley, 9·30, 1·23; and dried grass + rolled barley, 9·24, 1·21. Although there was no significant difference in live-weight gain between the treatments, two levels of performance were apparent.

Cassava and tallow in diets for growing pigs

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Growth Experiments

ABSTRACTIn two experiments 480 and 360 pigs were housed in groups of 10 and given diets containing different proportions of cassava between 35 and 87 kg live weight. The cassava contained 672, 34, 57 and 39 g/kg air dry matter of starch, crude fibre, total ash and insoluble ash respectively. The diets in the first experiment contained 0, 238, 475 or 713 kg cassava per t. In the second experiment the different levels of dietary cassava (0, 150, 300 or 450 kg cassava per t) were combined in a factorial design with different levels of tallow (0, 50 or 100 kg tallow per t). The pigs were given quantities of food calculated to give isoenergy intakes on the assumption that air-dry cassava contained 14·2 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg. The feeding scale increased with time to give a maximum daily allowance of DE of 31·8 MJ per pig. Relative to each MJ of DE the calculated levels of lysine and of methionine plus cystine in the diets were 0·64 g and 0·39 g respectively.In both experiments, increasing levels of cassava resulted in significant reductions in growth rate but had no effect on the conversion of food to live weight or on carcass weight. In both experiments, the diets with the highest inclusions of cassava produced pigs with the thickest backfat. The effect was not significant in the second experiment but in the first experiment the differences were significant between diets with the highest and intermediate levels of cassava. There was a significant interaction between cassava and tallow on growth rate with the depression due to high levels of cassava being reduced when 100 kg tallow per t was included in the diet.The results of these growth experiments suggested that cassava of the type used here was of similar value to barley on an energy basis when used in diets based on barley and soya bean meals.

scholarly journals The effect of different pasture management strategies in north-west Queensland on liveweight gain and wool growth rate of several groups of young sheep.

1985 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
RGA Stephenson ◽  
DA Pritchard ◽  
PM Pepper ◽  
PT Connelly
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
North West ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Significant Difference

The effect of three different pasture management strategies on liveweight gain and wool growth rate of young(weaner) sheep was examined immediately after weaning on Mitchell grass-Flinders grass pastures during the dry season of north-west Queensland. The pasture management strategies were designed to mimic various industry situations, while the performance of four different progeny groups was compared and used to provide an overall assessment of pasture quality. Pasture treatments (experiment 1) consisted of three paddocks, a harvested (c. 8% of pasture harvested and baled) and spelled, a spelled, and a continuously grazed paddock. Spelled paddocks were not grazed during and after the wet season for a period of six months while the continuously grazed paddock was continuously stocked before the experiment. Experiment 2 consisted of spelled and continuously grazed paddocks. Pastures were evaluated by measuring the changes in composition and quality (experiment 1) and the responses in liveweight gain (experiments 1 and 2) and wool growth of the weaners (experiment 1). Marked improvements (c. 100%) in weaner growth rates occurred in the spelled paddocks. Greasy wool production by three groups of ewes in experiment I was about 14% greater in the harvested paddock than in the others. At the start of the trial there were no significant differences in dry matter yield but a significant difference in botanical composition occurred between paddocks. The changes in dry matter that occurred between the beginning and end of grazing were not significantly different between paddocks. Before gazing, forbs made up approximately 16%, 4% and 1% of pastures in harvested, spelled and continuously grazed paddocks respectively. The change in the percentage forbs that occurred between the beginning and end of the grazing period was significantly greater in the harvested paddock than in the other paddocks indicating preferential selection and intake by sheep. The differences in weaner live weight and wool growth between paddocks suggest that paddock management can improve weaner productivity. The study also indicates that paddock management could be successfully used to increase the percentage of forbs and quality of the pasture during the dry season. The superior wool growth of two progeny groups also suggests that improved productivity of breeding flocks in the tropics is possible if superior sheep can be identified. The results highlight the importance of preferential management of pasture for weaners so that productivity advantages can be exploited.

A note on the effect of limestone supplementation on the performance of cattle given barley-based diets

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-353
Author(s):  
Jean M. Bass ◽  
G. Fishwick ◽  
J. J. Parkins
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Soluble Liquid

ABSTRACTGroups of Hereford-cross steers weighing 283 kg were given 0·6 kg dry matter hay per head per day, and bruised barley supplemented with 40 g of a fully soluble liquid product per kg, containing urea, minerals and vitamins, ad libitum. Half the animals received 10 g limestone per kg diet as an additional supplement. Over a 105-day period the food intake of the limestone-supplemented animals was 0·20 higher than that of unsupplemented animals. The resultant daily live-weight gain was 1·22 kg compared with 0·92 kg for the animals receiving the diet containing no additional limestone. Food conversion ratios (kg/kg live-weight gain) were improved by limestone supplementation from 6·84 to 6·19. Limestone inclusion did not appear to influence the low concentrations of starch (ca. 15 g/kg) present in the faecal dry matter but there was a small significant difference in faecal pH.

An evaluation of the micronization process for preparing cereals for the growing pig. 2. Effects on growth rate, food conversion efficiency and carcass characteristics

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. J. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Designed Experiments ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Ground Wheat ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

SUMMARY1. In each of two 2 × 3 factorially designed experiments 72 pigs were individually- and scale-fed diets containing 86·5% of maize, wheat or barley in ground or micronized, flaked and ground (micronized) forms.2. In both experiments, the first between 17 and 20 kg and the second between 22 and 90 kg live weight, pigs offered the micronized maize and barley diets grew significantly faster and converted the dry matter of their diets significantly more efficiently than did pigs offered the ground maize and barley diets. There were no significant differences between the micronized and ground wheat diets in the first experiment but in the second experiment the micronized diet gave significantly inferior results.3. In pigs slaughtered at 90 kg live weight those fed all the micronizedbased diets had significantly higher killing-out percentages than those fed the diets based on the ground cereals. Other within-cereal significant differences were those of increased carcass length in pigs given micronized maize and increased fat deposition in pigs given micronized wheat.

A note on the use of sorghum as a substitute for maize in a diet for growing pigs

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-445
Author(s):  
Paula M. A. A. Serra ◽  
O. E. R. Olivetra ◽  
T. H. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Gross Energy

ABSTRACTAn experiment was undertaken to examine the effect of using sorghum as a substitute for maize on digestibility and nitrogen retention in the growing pig. Two levels of sorghum, 200 and 400 g/kg, substituting for maize on a weight basis, were used. The chemical composition of control and test diets was similar. In the metabolism trial, digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude fibre, nitrogen and gross energy were significantly lower for the animals given the higher level of sorghum. In the feeding trial, no significant differences were recorded between the three groups in relation to food conversion ratio, daily live-weight gain, killing-out proportion and carcass quality. It is concluded that yellow sorghum may replace up to 400 g of maize per kg in diets for growing pigs without having detrimental effects on animal performance.

Effect of food intake capacity on genotype by feeding regimen interactions in growing pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kanis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTFrom each of 159 litters, between one and three pigs were fed ad libitum and between one and four pigs were fed at several restricted feeding levels from about 27 to 107 kg live weight. Effects of litter by feeding regimen (ad libitumv. restricted feeding) interactions (L × F) and sex by feeding regimen interactions (S × F) on production traits were investigated. In experimental groups where restrictedly fed animals received an amount of food based on their estimated voluntary food intake capacity (FIC), interactions were non-significant. In groups where restricted feeding was independent of FIC, significant L × F or S × F interactions were found for daily food intake (FI), daily gain, lean tissue growth rate and fatty tissue growth rate, but not for body composition and food conversion traits.Because of between-animal variation in FIC, restricted feeding according to a fixed scale restricted intake of some animals to a higher degree than others and degree of food intake restriction (DFR) was calculated from actual FI and FIC for animals fed at a restricted level. After correction of FI and production traits of restrictedly fed animals for differences in DFR, L × F and S × F interactions were not significant.It was concluded that the poor relationships often found between test-station results of boars and results of their progeny in practical environments may be caused, to an important extent, by differences in DFR in each environment. To overcome these genotype by environment interactions it is recommended that animals be fed ad libitum in both test and commercial environments.

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