scholarly journals The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii: Interim Report

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Ling
Keyword(s):  
General Trend ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
The West ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Economic Basis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

SummaryA British team has been working since 1978 upon a programme of documentation and analysis in the Insula of the Menander at Pompeii, one of the irregular city-blocks situated immediately to the west of the old part of the city in an area which was developed from the early fourth century B.C onwards. Study of the structural techniques, of wall-abutments, and of anomalies in plan can be used in conjunction with the evidence of painted wall-plaster to identify five main phases in the building-history: Phase I (fourth-third centuries B.C), Phase 2 (second and early first centuries B.C), Phase 3 (c. 80-c. 15 B.C), Phase 4 (c. 15 B.C.-C. A.D. 50), Phase 5 (c. A.D. 50-79). These illustrate a complex pattern of changing property-boundaries, but underline the general trend towards increasing commercialization and greater pressure upon living-space in this area of the city. There is also interesting evidence of the economic basis of life in the individual houses during the years immediately before 79.

Santa Maria Maggiore's Fifth-Century Mosaics: Triumphal Christianity and the Jews

1993 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret R. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
The West ◽  
Public Announcement ◽  
Eastern Empire ◽  
The City ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Strong Claim

The fifth-century mosaics of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome represent the oldest surviving program of mosaic decoration in a Christian church. Its political context includes the steady drain of political authority and power to the Eastern empire from the early fourth century forward, the proscription of paganism at the end of the fourth century, and the massively disruptive Sack of Rome by Alaric in 410 CE. In the vacuum of political power in the West, the papacy under Sixtus III made a strong claim for a new basis of Roman power—the religious primacy of the city of Peter and Paul under papal leadership. The building and decoration of Santa Maria Maggiore played an important role in the consolidation and public announcement of papal power.

Report on Land Reform in El Salvador

1982 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-13 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
El Salvador ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Current Program ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

"Profound rural misery will not end," observes Martin Diskin of M. I. T. in his evaluation of land reform in El Salvador. Writing in the Fall issue of Culture and Agriculture, Diskin faults the current program on two accounts. First, "no significant restructuring of rural El Salvador is possible with this plan." The loopholes (the "right of reserve" of former owners to exclude up to 150 hectares from expropriation under Phase 1 of the plan) and insufficiency (Phase 3, "Land to the Tiller," conveys too little acreage to the individual tiller to have any impact on the poverty level) of the program is evident in the texts of the decrees themselves, Diskin notes. Second, implementation has been so poor as to effectively neutralize whatever possibilities the program might have had. Of the announced three phases, Phase 2 has been, in the government's words, "suspended," and Phase 3 is moving slowly through cumbersome and inefficient procedures. "The prognosis for this ‘most sweeping Agrarian reform in the history of Latin America’ is dismal," Diskin concludes.

scholarly journals Praktykowanie postu w świetle historiografii kościelnej IV-V wieku

Vox Patrum ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 359-378
Author(s):  
Sławomir Bralewski
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Local Church ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Church ◽  
Unanimous Agreement

The ecclesiastical histories of the fourth and the fifth centuries confirm the fasting as a practice popularly observed by the Christians of that time. From the account of the historians one can conclude that fasting combined with prayer was a distinctive feature of Christian piety. From the fourth century the principal prac­tice of abstention from food included the concept of a forty-day fasting period before Easter, i.e. Lent, and additionally the fast practiced two days every week throughout the year, namely each Wednesday and Friday, while the scheme is con­sidered to have its roots in the regulations promoted by the Church authorities of the period. Nonetheless, by the middle of the fifth century the individual churches of the West and the East had not arrived at an unanimous agreement on the length of Lent neither on its form. Moreover, the practice of fasting was also introduced as obligatory for the catechumens before baptism and for the local church com­munities they represented. Additionally, fasting was a must for those repenting their sins. First and foremost, however, a very strict practice of food abstention was observed by the monks of the period.

Excavations at Lincoln 1970–1972: The Western Defences of the Lower Town: An Interim Report

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Colyer
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
The Third ◽  
Stone Wall ◽  
Late Roman Period ◽  
New Gateway

During 1970–2 three sites on the western defences of the lower Roman and medieval town were examined. The earliest defences, which consisted of a rampart fronted by a stone wall 5 feet (1·5 m.) wide, and a ditch-system, were built in the late second or early third century. At some later date, interval-towers were added to the back of the wall: that at The Park was replaced by a new gateway which was rebuilt in the later fourth century. There was slight evidence that the other gate presumed to lie on the west side of the lower town at West Parade was rebuilt at the same time. North of this, on Mother by Hill, the third-century interval-tower was partially demolished in the fourth century and replaced by an internal platform. There was contemporary thickening or rebuilding of the wall at various other points, including either side of the gate at The Park. At some time in the late Roman period a new wider ditch was dug.The Roman defences continued substantially in use throughout the medieval period, although the gateway at The Park was no longer functioning. In the thirteenth century the line of the western defences was extended southwards to the Brayford Pool, terminating in the circular Lucy Tower. North of the tower, the new defences comprised a stone wall 7 feet (2·1 m.) wide and a ditch whose size could not be determined.The excavations also revealed interesting but fragmentary information about occupation within the defences. There were Roman buildings as far south as The Park from the Flavian period.

Cirencester, 1969–1972: Ninth Interim Report

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan D. McWhirr
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Short Report ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
The West ◽  
Boundary Wall ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
Iron Working

SummaryThe 1969–72 excavations have concentrated on two main areas to be affected by the proposed relief road around Cirencester. In insula XII two houses, apparently constructed in the second half of the third century A.D., have been uncovered and planned. A total of twelve mosaics were found in varying states of preservation. Building XII, I was rectangular with a bath suite to the west, whilst the latest phase of XII, 2 resembled the plan of a winged corridor villa. From this building came evidence of iron working. Both buildings continued to be used in the fourth century and there is slight structural evidence suggesting fifth century occupation.To the west of Cirencester excavation of a late Roman cemetery has produced 268 burials, not all of which were complete, and a small number of associated finds. All but one were inhumations and two were in stone coffins. The skeletons have been studied by Dr. C. Wells and a short report on his work is included. Work has also been carried out on a road leading towards the amphitheatre. To the north of this road was a boundary(?) wall. Other excavated sites are mentioned in this report. Several interesting pieces of Roman sculpture were found.Two appendices are included which discuss the mosaics and inscriptions found during the period under review.

Excavations at Winchester, 1969: Eighth interim report

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Biddle
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
The West ◽  
South West ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
East End

SummaryFive sites were excavated in 1969. At Castle Yard the pre-Roman and Roman defences were examined and a large salient discovered at the south-west corner of the Roman walled town. A Saxon street and its buildings lying within this salient were found buried below the castle earthworks of 1067, and the early development of the castle was investigated. At Lankhills sixty fourth-century graves were excavated, four producing evidence of an alien military element in the late Roman town. Further evidence of this alien element was found at the Cathedral Green, and together with earlier discoveries, suggests the presence of a Germanic garrison. The excavation of the Old Minster was completed by the examination of the east end of the seventh-century church, and by the discovery of a west-work of continental type consecrated in 980. At Lower Brook Street four houses and other structures of the mid twelfth to mid thirteenth century were excavated, one property being devoted entirely to cloth finishing with a rack-ground and dye-house. Three phases of St. Mary's Church were examined and the latest stage of St. Pancras' Church uncovered. At Wolvesey Palace the west hall can be dated to c. 1110. The lead-piped water-supply of the palace was investigated, its first stage belonging to the early twelfth century. Excavation continues.

Excavations at Euesperides (Benghazi): an interim report on the 1998 season

1998 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 145-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Lloyd ◽  
P. Bennett ◽  
T. V. Buttrey ◽  
A. Buzaian ◽  
H. El Amin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
City Wall ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
The City

AbstractA third season of excavation and finds analysis at Euesperides in March/April 1998 completed the fieldwork of the project begun in 1995.Further examination of the city defences suggests that their first phase should be dated not later than the early sixth century BC. The earliest masonry buildings within (and abutting) the city wall seem to belong to the 580s/570s BC. Other discoveries included a plain pebble pavement and a decorated ‘mixed style’ mosaic which should pre-date c. 250 BC, as well as an enchytrismos burial of the fourth century BC. The preliminary results of detailed study of the coins, pottery and lamps, and of scientific analyses of wallplaster and metal, are also presented.

scholarly journals Co-living (as a way of life): The Urbanism of the New Urban Crisis in Los Angeles and Beyond

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Sternberg
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Global City ◽  
Urban Crisis ◽  
Ethnographic Case Study ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Living Space ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

The 21st century global city is in the midst of a new urban crisis: while it holds an increasing monopoly on employment opportunities, it has become harder to access. In this article, I argue that young urban aspirants are still accessing the global city in crisis through the practice of co-living. Co-living can be understood as an emergent collection of residential commoning practices employed by in-bound urbanites to access in-demand parts of the city and attain employment, housing and community. Through a relational ethnographic case study of the PodShare co-living space in the global city of Los Angeles, I argue that co-living is as an urbanism arising to stabilize the new urban crisis on both the level of the individual and the city, guiding individuals to grin at their condition and be increasingly mobile between multiple global cities in an attempt to maximize their chances of securing longer-term residency.

scholarly journals Aquileienses clerici quasi chorus beatorum habentur (Hieronim, Kronika, rok 374). Przykład życia religijnego duchownych pod koniec IV wieku

Vox Patrum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 205-215
Author(s):  
Agnès Bastit-Kalinowska
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Monastic Life ◽  
The City

The end of the fourth century sees the emergence, in the West, of several expe­riences of monastic life in the city for the bishop and a part of his presbyterium (Eusèbe of Vercelli, Martin of Tours, Paulin of Nola, Augustin of Hippo). A simi­lar attempt, around the priest Chromace of Aquileia (before his episcopate, and maybe even later), is documented by some testimonies of Jerome from Stridon and Rufin from Aquileia for the years 370s. These testimonies are the object of the present study.

scholarly journals Roman Senators and Absent Emperors in Late Antiquity

1970 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 27-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Humphries
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
The West ◽  
Imperial Court ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Set Up ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

It is often assumed that the political fortunes of the city of Rome and of its élite, the Senate, decline in late antiquity. Such decline is attributed to emperors residing in other centers closer to the frontiers and to the inflation of senatorial status in the fourth century. This article argues, however, that the senators of Rome continued to see themselves as important participants in imperial high politics throughout the period. Such ambitions were ably demonstrated by Q. Aurelius Symmachus, whose role as senatorial ambassador to the imperial court was predicated on the basis that the Senate in Rome was still an important political institution. Similar ambitions motivated Roman senators to give active support to rival sides in political usurpations in the fourth century; this activity was advertised, moreover, by an impressive series of dedications set up in the Forum Romanum in close proximity to the Senate House itself. The climax of these aspirations came in the unstable circumstances of the fifth century when, for the first time in over a hundred years, Roman senators seated themselves on the imperial throne. Far from being a moribund political anachronism, then, the Senate in Rome continued to act as a major partner in the running of the Empire throughout the last centuries of Roman rule in the West.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document