I.—The Recent Geological History of the Baltic. Part II: The Ancylus Sea and the Baltic Breach

In the previous paper I ventured to trace the history of the Baltic back to the time when the latest of its raised beaches were laid down, and to show that it was then considerably larger in size, and that its waters were more salt than they are now, although they were even then brackish (see Map I, Pl. XIX).This conclusion was derived mainly from an examination of the molluscan remains in the more recent shell-beds. It is confirmed by other evidence; thus, Munthe mentions the occurrence in the so-called Litorina beds of three species of Rhizopods, whose present and former distribution in the Baltic is shown in the following table:

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II.—The Recent Geological History of the Baltic and Scandinavia and its importance in the Post-Tertiary History of Western Europe

Geological Magazine ◽

10.1017/s0016756800203932 ◽

1918 ◽

Vol 5 (10) ◽

pp. 451-461

Author(s):

Henry H. Howorth

Keyword(s):

Western Europe ◽

Geological History ◽

History Of ◽

The Baltic ◽

Raised Beaches

Let us now turn to the lessons presented by the Mollusca found in the raised beaches of Norway and Western Sweden.

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IV.—The Recent Geological History of the Baltic. Part III: The Western Part of the Sea, the Sound, and the Belts

Geological Magazine ◽

10.1017/s0016756800128262 ◽

1905 ◽

Vol 2 (9) ◽

pp. 407-413

Author(s):

H. H. Howorth

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

Brackish Water ◽

Present Condition ◽

Geological History ◽

Land Bridge ◽

Water Lake ◽

History Of ◽

The Baltic ◽

Fresh Water Lake ◽

Eastern Baltic

In two previous papers I have set out the conclusions generally held by Northern geologists in regard to the more recent history of the Eastern Baltic, according to which it was once a great enclosed fresh-water lake or sea, the Ancylus lake, which by the breach in the land-bridge connecting Skäne and Denmark was converted into a brackish-water sea, the Litorina sea, which has in turn become less and less saline until it has reached its present condition.

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IV.—The Recent Geological History of the Baltic. Part IV: Climatic and other Issues

Geological Magazine ◽

10.1017/s0016756800128651 ◽

1905 ◽

Vol 2 (12) ◽

pp. 550-562

Author(s):

H. H. Howorth

Keyword(s):

Mya Arenaria ◽

Geological History ◽

Important Paper ◽

Southern Limit ◽

Glacial Epoch ◽

History Of ◽

The Baltic ◽

Eastern Baltic

In the first part of this series, p. 313, I referred to the recent invasion of the Eastern Baltic by the Mya arenaria, as first pointed out by Dr. Nathorst. Dr. Petersen has called my attention to an important paper by A. S. Jensen, which has apparently been overlooked by English conchologists, and I propose to condense his results, as they are very noteworthy from their geological lessons.The shell has hitherto been treated as a typical Arctic shell. Thus Crosse and Debeaux write of its original home: “De l'océan Glacial arctique, qui parait être sa véritable patrie, elle est descendue dans les mers du nord de l'Europe, jusques et y compris la Manche etune partie de nos côtes de l'Océan” (Journ. de Conchologie, ser. III, iii, 254, 1863). Gwyn Jeffreys, in describing the shell, says, “The occurrence of this circumpolar shell-fish so near the tropic of Cancer probably indicates the most southern limit in space of the glacial epoch” (Brit, Conch., iii, 65, 66).

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IV.—The Recent Geological History of the Baltic. Part III: the Western Part of the Sea, the Sound, and the Belts

Geological Magazine ◽

10.1017/s0016756800128389 ◽

1905 ◽

Vol 2 (10) ◽

pp. 454-462

Author(s):

H. H. Howorth

Keyword(s):

Geological History ◽

History Of ◽

Molluscan Fauna ◽

The Baltic

Proceeding westward, the fauna again increases in richness. The molluscan fauna of the Gulf of Kiel has been elaborately described by Meyer and Möbius in their well-known work entitled “Fauna der Kieler Bucht.” They thus enumerate the shells found there:—

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V.—The Recent Geological History of the Baltic. Part I: the Litorina Sea

Geological Magazine ◽

10.1017/s0016756800125026 ◽

1905 ◽

Vol 2 (7) ◽

pp. 311-320

Author(s):

Sir H. H. Howorth

Keyword(s):

Western Europe ◽

Recent History ◽

Geological History ◽

History Of ◽

The Baltic ◽

The University ◽

Litorina Sea ◽

Geological Magazine

The recent history of the Baltic involves problems of great interest and importance, and promises to afford considerable help in solving the mysteries of the later geological changes in Western Europe. It is therefore worth a closer study than has been extended to it in this country. Perhaps I may be permitted to condense in the Geological Magazine what has been written about it in late years by the Scandinavian geologists, and to add some inferences of my own. I am especially indebted to De Geers and Munthe, the latter of whom has written quite an ideal monograph on one section of the story in the Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala, vol. ii.

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Quaternary geology of the Inner Hebrides

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0269727000013348 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 83 ◽

pp. 83-89

Author(s):

J. D. Peacock

Keyword(s):

Quaternary Geology ◽

Geological History ◽

Glacial Deposits ◽

Marine Origin ◽

The Past ◽

Last Glaciation ◽

History Of ◽

Raised Beaches

SynopsisThe Quaternary features and deposits provide a record of the geological history of the past 18,000 years and only a few elements of the landscape, such as the glaciated rock platforms and cliffs of marine origin, can be ascribed to earlier times. Mainland ice almost certainly covered the islands during the last glaciation, its retreat being temporarily reversed or halted perhaps more than once. There was a final well-marked, but short-lived episode of valley glaciation some 10,000 to 11,000 years ago. Glacial deposits, raised beaches, periglacial features, landslips and the post-glacial accumulations of peat, shell sand and diatomite are discussed briefly.

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IV.—The Recent Geological History of the Baltic and Scandinavia and its importance in the Post-Tertiary History of Western Europe

Geological Magazine ◽

10.1017/s0016756800200010 ◽

1918 ◽

Vol 5 (8) ◽

pp. 354-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Henry H. Howorth

Keyword(s):

Western Europe ◽

Geological History ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

General Geology ◽

History Of ◽

The Baltic ◽

Geological Magazine

Some years ago I was allowed to publish in the Geological Magazine some papers on the recent geological history of the Baltic, in which I tried to bring before English readers the very important discoveries of the Northern geologists as affecting the general geology of the north-west of Europe and to extend their deductions. I was obliged to interrupt them for other work. Perhaps you will allow me to continue them some steps further, as we had reached a stage of some interest.

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