THE DUKE OF LORRAINE AND THE INTERNATIONAL STRUGGLE FOR IRELAND, 1649–1653

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 905-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHEÁL Ó SIOCHRÚ
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Foreign Assistance ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
European Context ◽  
Charles I ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Irish Catholics ◽  
Oliver Cromwell

Ireland's status as a kingdom or as a colony continues to influence the historiographical debate about the country's relationship with the wider world during the early modern period. Interest in the continent is almost exclusively focused on exiles and migrants, rather than on diplomatic developments. Yet during the 1640s confederate Catholics in Ireland pursued an independent foreign policy, maintaining resident agents abroad, and receiving diplomats in Kilkenny. Following the execution of Charles I in 1649, they sought foreign assistance in their struggle against Oliver Cromwell. In alliance with the exiled House of Stuart, Irish Catholics looked to Charles IV, duke of Lorraine, as a potential saviour. For three years the duke encouraged negotiations in Galway, Paris, and Brussels. He despatched vital military supplies to Ireland, and attempted on at least one occasion to transport troops there from the Low Countries. Although his intervention ultimately failed to turn the tide of the war in Ireland, the English parliamentarians nevertheless believed he posed a serious threat. This detailed study of the duke's role, in the international struggle for Ireland during the early 1650s, largely ignored until now, helps to place the crises of the three Stuart kingdoms in their broader European context.

scholarly journals War, Performance, and the Survival of Foreign Ministers

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Bäck ◽  
Jan Teorell ◽  
Alexander Von Hagen-Jamar ◽  
Alejandro Quiroz Flores
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Important Predictor ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Foreign Ministers

Abstract Why do some foreign ministers stay longer in office than others? Are they punished when the country loses a war? Several scholars have focused on the tenure of leaders as an important predictor of foreign policy outcomes, such as war onset, creating an interest in leadership survival. We here shift the focus to the survival of other important politicians in cabinet—foreign ministers, hypothesizing that their tenure depends on their performance in office. For example, we expect that foreign ministers stay longer in office when the country experiences an armed conflict resulting in a win or in a compromise agreement. We evaluate and find support for several of our hypotheses using an original historical dataset, which comprises all foreign ministers of the world's thirteen great powers from the early modern period to the present, covering about 1,100 foreign minister-terms of office.

Urban Literary Patronage in the Early Modern Low Countries: Public Festive Culture and Individual Authorship*

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Mareel
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Festive Culture ◽  
Modern Period

AbstractThis essay deals with the nature, background, and consequences of urban patronage for individual rhetoricians in the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Low Countries. Although this phenomenon is most likely rooted in courtly practice, it is mainly because of the usefulness of rhetoricians in the context of urban public festivals that some of them received financial rewards from city authorities. My analysis shows how in the Low Countries urban festive culture and the oral dissemination of literary texts played an important, and heretofore largely neglected, role in the professionalization and individualization of authorship during the early modern period.

Markets for Land, Labor, and Capital in Northern Italy and the Low Countries, Twelfth to Seventeenth Centuries

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bas J. P. van Bavel
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
North Central ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Urban Elites ◽  
Factor Markets

Comparative analysis of the markets for land, labor, and capital in north-central Italy and the Low Countries in the late Middle Ages and the early modern period reveals that urbanization in itself was not the crucial variable in the quality and effect of developing factor markets. More important was the counterweight offered in this process by territorial lords and rural interests to the influence of urban elites. Without this counterweight, urban elites could exploit factor markets to their own ends.

Women at Work: Governance and Financial Administration at the Court Beguinages of the Southern Low Countries in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 67-95
Author(s):  
Sarah Joan Moran
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Dutch Revolt ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Monastic Communities ◽  
Female Monasticism ◽  
Financial Administration

Abstract From the thirteenth century through the nineteenth, the Court Beguinages, large semi-monastic communities for women called Beguines, were integral to urban life in the Catholic Low Countries. In the wake of the Dutch Revolt and reestablishment of Spanish rule in the Southern provinces from the mid-1580s, the Beguinages became increasingly aligned with the ideology of female monasticism, and particularly with the tradition of Mary and Martha: the mix of contemplative prayer and humble work that had traditionally been at the heart of tertiary convents and other active female congregations. While many Beguines did indeed make their livings from manual labor, the Beguinages also offered women of ambition unparalleled opportunities to take on leadership roles of great responsibility and authority. This essay examines the labor of Beguinage administration in the early modern period and situates the careers of Beguine leaders in their social and gendered contexts.

scholarly journals Exile and Linguistic Encounter: Early Modern English Convents in the Low Countries and France

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie K. M. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Language Barriers ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
History Of

The history of religious migration and experience of exile in the early modern period has received a great deal of attention in recent years. Neglected within this scholarship, however, is sustained discussion of linguistic encounter within these often fraught transcultural and transnational interactions. This article breaks new ground by exploring the linguistic experiences of religious exiles in English convents founded in the Low Countries. Most women within English communities in exile were linguistically challenged; focusing on the creative ways these women subsequently negotiated language barriers sheds new light on female language acquisition and encounter during this period.

Was Plague an Exclusively Urban Phenomenon? Plague Mortality in the Seventeenth-Century Low Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Modern Period

Current scholarship reinforces the notion that by the early modern period, plague had become largely an urban concern in northwestern Europe. However, a data set comprised of burial information from the seventeenth-century Low Countries suggests that plague’s impact on the countryside was far more severe and pervasive than heretofore supposed.

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