The Politics of Sacred Lineages in 19th-Century Central Asia: Descent Groups Linked to Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi in Shrine Documents and Genealogical Charters

1999 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin DeWeese
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Religious History ◽  
The West ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Town

Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi, the celebrated saint of Central Asia who lived most likely in the late 12th century, is perhaps best known as a Sufi shaykh and (no doubt erroneously) as a mystical poet; his shrine in the town now known as Turkistan, in southern Kazakhstan, has been an important religious center in Central Asia at least since the monumental mausoleum that still stands was built, by order of Timur, at the end of the 14th century. While Yasavi's shrine, owing to the predilections of Soviet scholarship, was extensively studied by architectural historians and archeologists, its role in social and religious history has received scant attention; at the same time, Ahmad Yasavi's legacy as a Sufi shaykh has itself been the subject of considerable misunderstanding, resulting from two related tendencies in past scholarship: to approach the Yasavi tradition as little more than a sideline to the historically dominant Naqshbandiyya, and to regard it as a phenomenon definable in “ethnic” terms, as limited to an exclusively Turkic environment. Even less well known in the West, however, is one aspect of Ahmad Yasavi's legacy that is of increasing significance in contemporary Central Asia, as the region's religious heritage is recovered and redefined in the wake of the Soviet Union's collapse—namely, the distinctive familial communities that define themselves in terms of descent from Yasavi's family, and have historically claimed specific prerogatives associated with Yasavi's shrine.

Opus and sermo: The Relationship between Alchemy and Prophecy (12th-14th Centuries)

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Crisciani
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Survey ◽  
The West ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Latin Culture ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe subject of this paper is the relationship between alchemy and prophecy in the Latin culture of the period between the initial diffusion of alchemy in the West in the 12th century and the 14th century. This is a preliminary survey, which provides the necessary background for a better understanding of the so-called 'explosion' of the kind of prophetic and visionary alchemy that took place in the 15th century. Alchemy, which is knowledge of hidden things and an art of transformation toward perfection, is here tentatively interpreted and analysed as a form of 'concrete prophecy'.

scholarly journals Juda Hirsch Quastel, 2 October 1899 - 15 October 1987

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 379-418 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The West ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Garment Factories ◽  
The Subject ◽  
East End ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Juda Hirsch Quastel, who contributed for more than 60 years to the growth of biochemistry, was born in Sheffield, in a room over his father’s rented sweet shop on the Ecclesall Road. The date was 2 October 1899, and his parents, Jonas and Flora (Itcovitz) Quastel, had lived in England for only a few years. They had emigrated separately from the city of Tamopol in eastern Galicia, which was then within the Austro-Hungarian Empire; it has since, after a period under Polish rule, become part of the Ukrainian Republic of the Soviet Union. Tamopol at the end of the 19th century was a city of some 30 000 and the centre of an agricultural district. Its inhabitants were ethnically mixed, but about half of them were Jews, many of whom under the relatively benevolent Austrian regime were fairly prosperous. Quastel used to recall how his father and grandfather had held the Emperor Franz Joseph in great respect. His grandfather, also Juda Hirsch (married to Yetta Rappoport), had at one time worked as a chemist in a brewery laboratory in Tamopol. The parents of the subject of this biography had been in commerce there, and were not poor; but today’s family members know little about the life of Jonas and Flora in Tamopol, or about the reasons that persuaded them, like many of their neighbours, to emigrate to the West. An uncle had already gone to England, and perhaps had encouraged them to follow because of the greater opportunities. In England they lived at first in London’s east end, where they worked in garment factories; but their move to Sheffield, and to Jonas’s modest entrepreneurship, had been completed in the late 1890s. It was there that Juda Hirsch and his four younger siblings (Charles, Doris, Hetty and Anne) were born.

Sierra Leonais, Créoles, Krio: la dialectique de l'identité

Africa ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odile Goerg
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
West Indies ◽  
African Continent ◽  
The West ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Uk ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Town

The study of phenomena relating to identity has prompted new approaches to the subject on the part of historians as well as anthropologists. They include the study of ethnicity, a dynamic combination of socio-economic, religious, cultural and political factors. In this regard the population of Freetown is particularly interesting, for it stems from several discrete migrations from the end of the eighteenth century onwards. Some of the immigrants came direct from the African continent, ‘Liberated Africans’ disembarked on the Sierra Leone peninsula, while others, formerly slaves, came from the UK, North America or the West Indies. The result of this diversity of origin was the formation of a very rich and specific society, with a mixture of European, African and West Indian characteristics. Among the town dwellers are those called successively Sierra Leoneans, Creoles and Krio.Since the 1950s several studies have focused on these people. After a polemical article published in 1977, new research was undertaken. Krio identity, which is at the same time a historical theme and politically contested territory, remains at the heart of the debate. In this article, emphasis is placed on terminology, to address the question of ‘ethnicity’ as applied to those known as Creoles. What were they called by administrators or historians (past and present)? What did they call themselves? How did they react to the various attempts at categorisation? How did the names, which are the visible aspect of ethnicity, evolve? What did the terms really mean and how can one move from a given name to the object it represents? These questions take into account several points of view, from within Krio/Creole society and from outside it.

scholarly journals On the origin of Dagestani shamhals and Gazikumukh Shamkhalate (the 12th to 16th centuries)

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Arsen S. Akbiyev ◽  
Magomed-Pasha B. Abdusalamov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
State Formation ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Arabic Version ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
The Core ◽  
Historical Literature ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article discusses the problem of Dagestani shamkhalate and the term "shamkhal", which is debatable in Dagestani historical science, based on the analysis of sources and special historical literature. According to the authors, the Arabic version of the origin of the first Dagestani Shamkhals is untenable and beneath scientific criticism. The first rulers with the title "shaukhal" who appeared in Dagestan at the early 12th century, belonged to Turkic peoples who led ghazi groups (those who contended for the faith) and spread Islam in Upland Dagestan. The Turkic dynasty existed until the early 14th century only to be overthrown by the combined forces of the Golden Horde, Kajtaks and the Avar Khanate. The Golden Horde established their own ruler (Tatar-Shamkhal) from among the Chingissids, whose descendants ruled this state formation until the second half of the 19th century. The authors come to the conclusion that those were the Kumyks who supported the Tatar-Shamkhals unlike the rest warlike highland population who disliked them; and they finally migrated to live among the Kumyks when, in the second half of the 16th century, they faced deterioration. The Kumyks, being the basis, the core of Shamkhalism, after the withdrawal from Gazikumukh possession, prevented the final disintegration of the Shamkhalate and continued the traditions of medieval statehood

scholarly journals Reading in the Sobotka Area in the First Half of the 19th Century – Readers, Book and Library Owners

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-131
Author(s):  
Karol Bílek
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Small Town ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Cultural Activities ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Significant Figures ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town

The article provides information on the cultural life of the small town of Sobotka near Jičín and its surroundings during the National Revival. In its short introduction, it presents its main cultural activities from the 14th century while focusing on significant figures of the end of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century: the burgher Raymund Šolc and the priests Antonín Marek, František Vetešník and Damián Šimůnek. It draws particular attention to their libraries and the spread of Czech books. It also mentions other important inhabitants of the town, such as the saleswoman Barbora Pavienská or the shoemaker Josef Novák.

Some Byzantine Churches from the Pontus

1962 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 131-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Winfield ◽  
June Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Eastern Turkey ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Town ◽  
The Church ◽  
Frequent Reference

The Byzantine antiquities of the Pontus have received little more than a passing glance from either travellers or archaeologists. With the exception of the town of Trebizond, the monuments of which have now been subject to study in some detail, and the monastery of Sumela which has always attracted the attention of travellers, the only published works on the subject are the article by Professor Talbot Rice containing the results of his survey journey in 1929, and the book which he wrote in co-operation with Millet. The “Studia Pontica” of Cumont and Anderson is concerned primarily with classical antiquities although Cumont in his section makes frequent reference to medieval antiquities; and the “Church of Trebizond” by the last Metropolitan of the town, Chrysanthos, is concerned more with history than with descriptions of the monuments. The not inconsiderable body of travellers to Trebizond and eastern Turkey went there, for the most part, by sea and followed one or other of the branches of the caravan road running south-eastwards to Erzurum, and on into Persia and Central Asia. It may, however, be of use to bring these accounts up to date in so far as we have followed in the footsteps of earlier travellers.

The Chakma tribe of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the 18th Century

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Serajuddin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Local People ◽  
North India ◽  
Chittagong Hill Tracts ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Indian Origin ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Warrior Class

There has been much debate about the origin of the Chakma tribe of the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the Muslim names of the Chakma chiefs of the 18th century have added to it. According to the Chakmas their ancestors were kshatriyas of north Indian origin, who invaded Arakan towards the end of the 14th century, settled there and intermarried with the local people. But there is no credible evidence to corroborate this story and all the modern writers on the subject consider it to be a myth. Hutchinson points out that the Indian kshatriya link was forged during Kalindi Rani's time in the 19th century when Hindu influence was at its highest in her court and the worship of Śiva and Kali crept into their ritual. The Chakmas are not the only Arakanese tribe to claim descent from the ancient warrior class of north India. The accepted idea amongst the Maghs is that their ancestors were kshatriya princes of Magadha. The Burmese are undoubtedly a Mongolian race; yet their traditions hark back to India and not to China. “Their chronicles read as if they were descended from Buddha's clansmen and lived in Upper India”.

scholarly journals Russia's energy weapon as a tool against the expansion of NATO to the East

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (SE) ◽  
pp. 151-159
Author(s):  
Pesaran Ghader Iman ◽  
M.A, Jalalli Reza ◽  
Muhammad Ali Khosravi.
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
National Security ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Missile Defense ◽  
The West ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Subject

After the Soviet collapse, the US-led NATO actions, in Eastern Europe and Central Asia has led to confrontation between Russia and the West in the region. Russia considers these actions a threat to its national security, reducing its power and influence and restrict its economic relations with its buffer zones. Moscow adopting policies such as anti-missile defense shield in Eastern Europe, leaving the CFE Treaty, creation of the CSTO and the use of energy as a practical weapon  has withstand against the West. The country is the main supplier of the natural gas required for Europe and Eurasia, and is trying to run away the NATO from its red lines, use the it advantage to threat the newly independent republics of Europe Union by gas cut off and energy sanctions. The use of energy as a threatening tool by Russia has become a procedure to carry out its policies, which leads to a mistrust against the Russia and the countries are turning to other suppliers of the natural gas. Given the fact that the sale of energy is the main revenues of Russia, it seems, this threat will put Russia's into economic and political damage. The above mentioned topics, is the subject of this research.

scholarly journals THE RUTHENIAN COURTS OF THE RURIK DYNASTY PRINCESSES IN THE LANDS OF THE PIAST DYNASTY IN THE 11TH CENTURY: THE ATTEMPT OF THE SEARCHING AND RECONSTRUCTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
MYROSLAV VOLOSHCHUK
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Critical View ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The Subject

The gradual Christianization of the major dynasties of so-called ‘Younger Europe’ resulted, among other things, in the activization of their matrimonial policy. Throughout Middle Ages, the most active in this regard were the Rurik and the Piast dynasties. The tradition of bilateral marriage relations among the ruling houses of Europe was established in the early 11th century and uninterruptedly continued into the mid-14th century. In the 11th century, there were registered 7 princely marriages; four of them, in Poland – three Ruthenian brides were given in marriage to the representatives of the Piast dynasty; besides, there was one case of concubinage. Two of the marriages were fertile: altogether, six children were born (five boys and a girl). One marriage proved to be infertile. On her way to her husband’s land, each Ruthenian bride was accompanied by an escort consisting chiefly of women; but there had to be some men too, a personal confessor and spiritual advisor in particular. Supposedly, their main function was to prepare the princesses for marriage; later, those persons composed their ladies’ own courts, varying in quantity and duration, within the greater courts of their husbands. In this article, I focus on the quest for probable Ruthenians within the inner circles of the Rurik dynasty princesses married into the Piast dynasty in the 11th century. The main challenges of the quest are the insufficiency of the 11th – the early 12th-century historical sources and the inaccuracy of the late medieval materials on the subject, whose evidence requires critical view and verification. Thus it appears to be almost impossible to establish the names of all those persons who accompanied the Ruthenian princesses to the Piasts’ lands, though their presence can be inferred from historical narratives.

scholarly journals "Walka duchowa" ("Combattimento spiritual") Wawrzyńca Scupoliego a "Невидимая брань" ("῾Ο ᾽Αόρατος Πόλεμος") Nikodema ze Świętej Góry Athos i Teofana Rekluza. Strategie adaptacji tekstu w Kościele wschodnim

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viara Maldjieva
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Greek Text ◽  
The West ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Russian Orthodoxy ◽  
Devotio Moderna

Spiritual Combat (Combattimento spiritual) by Lorenzo Scupoli, and Невидимая брань (῾Ο ᾽Αόρατος Πόλεμος) by Nikodemus the Hagiorite and Theophan the Recluse: Adaptation Strategies of Spiritual Combat in the Eastern ChurchThe purpose of the paper is to offer a general discussion of the strategy of adapting Lorenzo Scupoli’s Combattimento spiritual, which was created in the Christian West, to the doctrine, spirituality and sensitivity of the Christian East, and in particular to 19th-century Russian Orthodoxy. Two translations of the work into Russian were used as a basis for observation: one of them was taken from the Italian original without the intention of adaptation; the other (by Theophan the Recluse) was done with the intention of adaptation and its basis was the Greek text already adapted by Nicodemus the Hagiorite. Analysis shows a certain “symphony” of the strategy of adapting the content and language in both the texts: the text that was created as a translation from the Italian original without the intention of adaptation, and the text that was the result of a two-stage adaptation in Greek and then in Russian. In terms of content, the mystical and ascetic assumptions that were developed in the West in the devotio moderna trend were rejected in favor of turning towards the Holy Fathers’ tradition. In the language there was a turn to Orthodox Orthodoxy by the use of means that refer to the doctrine of hesychasm, which was recognized in the 14th century and might even be said to have become a foundation of Eastern spirituality. The result of the content and language harmonization in the adaptation of Theophan the Recluse is the complete abolition of all possible references to Western Christianity. Walka duchowa (Combattimento spiritual) Wawrzyńca Scupoliego a Невидимая брань (῾Ο ᾽Αόρατος Πόλεμος) Nikodema ze Świętej Góry Athos i Teofana Rekluza. Strategie adaptacji tekstu w Kościele wschodnimCelem artykułu jest wykazanie w ogólnym zarysie strategii adaptacji tekstu dzieła Lorenzo Scupoliego Combattimento spiritual, powstałego na chrześcijańskim Zachodzie, do doktryny, duchowości i wrażliwości chrześcijańskiego Wschodu, a w szczególności do rosyjskiego prawosławia XIX wieku. Jako podstawę do obserwacji wykorzystano teksty dwóch przekładów dzieła na język rosyjski: jednego z nich dokonano z oryginału włoskiego bez zamiaru adaptacji, drugiego zaś – autorstwa Teofana Pustelnika – dokonano z zamiarem adaptacji i to z tekstu greckiego już adaptowanego przez Nikodema Hagiorytę. Porównanie tych tekstów ukazuje pewną „symfonię” strategii adaptacji treści i języka tekstu powstałego jako tłumaczenie z oryginału włoskiego bez zamiaru adaptacji i tekstu będącego wynikiem dwustopniowej adaptacji, kolejno w przekładzie greckim i rosyjskim. W zakresie treści odrzucono mistyczno-ascetyczne założenia wypracowane na Zachodzie w nurcie devotio moderna na rzecz zwrotu w stronę tradycji Ojców. W języku zaś poprzez użycie środków nawiązujących do hezychazmu, którego nauki zostały uznane w XIV wieku i które stały się wręcz fundamentem wschodniej duchowości, również dokonano zwrotu ku prawosławnej ortodoksji. Wynikiem współgrania adaptacji treści i języka w redakcji Teofana Pustelnika jest całkowite zniesienie wszelkich możliwych odniesień do chrześcijaństwa zachodniego.

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