scholarly journals NOTORIOUS SUBJECTS, INVISIBLE CITIZENS: NORTH CAUCASIAN RESISTANCE TO THE TURKISH NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN NORTHWESTERN ANATOLIA, 1919–23

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 108a-108a
Author(s):  
Ryan Gingeras
Keyword(s):  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Significant Component ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
The North ◽  
National Movement ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Turkey ◽  
Kemal Ataturk

This piece raises the historical and contemporary importance of a little-known campaign of resistance to the ascendancy of the Turkish National Movement (a movement that would later spawn the Republic of Turkey) during the Turkish War of Independence. Unlike other acts of resistance carried out by Ottoman Christians and Kurds, the rebellion profiled here was largely led and populated by members of the north Caucasian or Circassian diaspora of northwestern Anatolia. As a population that became economically and socially disjointed through settlement along the southern littoral of the Marmara Sea, a significant component of this exile community repeatedly rejected forces led by Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk). This article approaches the Circassian rebels' provincial origins and motivations and offers new insights into localist, as opposed to nationalist, forces that have both shaped and resisted the formation of the Republic of Turkey.

Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal (1881–1938)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hikmet Kocamaner
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Foreign Occupation ◽  
Penal Codes ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Resistance Movement ◽  
Republic Of Turkey ◽  
Kemal Ataturk

A military officer in the Ottoman army, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was the leader of the Turkish national resistance movement and the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey. After the Allies defeated the Ottoman Empire in World War I and started partitioning its territories, in 1919 he began to lead a national resistance movement in Anatolia. In 1920 he organized a provisional national assembly in Ankara, functioning independently from the Ottoman administration. Having successfully liberated Anatolia and eastern Thrace from foreign occupation as a result of the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923), he founded the Republic of Turkey (1923), with himself elected by the assembly as its first president (1923–1938). He institutionalized political, economic, social, legal and educational reforms aimed at modernizing and secularizing Turkey and forging a new national identity. These included the abolishment of the caliphate (1924), the secularization and nationalization of education (1924), the adoption of new civil, commercial, and penal codes based on European models (1926), and the replacing of Arabic script with the Latin alphabet (1928). The principles of his reforms, commonly referred to as Kemalism, have defined the fundamental characteristics of the Republic throughout most of its history: republicanism, nationalism, populism, secularism, statism, and revolutionism.

Kemal Atuturk in the art of republican Turkey

2021 ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Nikolay P. Goroshkov
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Military ◽  
Republic Of Turkey ◽  
Kemal Ataturk

The article analyzes how the personality of the first president of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, is reflected in contemporary Turkish art. This year marks exactly 140 years since his birth. To his achievements in the military and political arenas, cultural figures have dedicated many works in the visual arts, architecture, literature and cinema.  The trace of the first president of the Republic of Turkey remained in the works of both his contemporaries and in the works of authors today. Creativity is multifaceted, inspiration has no boundaries, along with them, culture was freed from prohibitions with the beginning of a new page in the history of the country. Her achievements became available to more people, the opportunity to touch the spiritual life and create it opened up along with the reforms of Mustafa Kemal Pasha to wide layers of the population. Immortal works have preserved for posterity the image of the father of the Turkish nation, and a characteristic feature of these works is the author's personal admiration for the deeds of Gazi. This undoubtedly leaves its mark on the work and the way in which a person is shown in the context of history, who took fate and the entire people into his own hands, mired in political, economic, cultural crises. But before giving an answer to the question "Who are you, Father of the Turks?", it is important, in our opinion, briefly to draw attention to the historical retrospective of the development of Turkish culture under the influence of the policy of two states that appeared, flourished and fell into decay on the peninsula of Asia Minor. The article briefly examines some of the features of the cultural policy of the last years of the Ottoman Empire and the first years of the republic.

THE RECASTING OF THE OTTOMAN PUBLIC DEBT AND THE ABOLITION OF THE CAPITULATIONS REGIME IN THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ACTION OF TURKEY LED BY MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATÜRK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierluigi SIMONE
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
The Political ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
International Debt ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Turkey ◽  
Kemal Ataturk

The recast of the international debt contracted by the former Ottoman Empire and the overcoming of the capitulations regime that had afflicted Turkey for centuries, are two of the most relevant sectors in which the political and diplomatic action promoted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk has been expressed. Extremely relevant in this regard are the different disciplines established, respectively, by the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920 and then by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. After the Ottoman Government defaulted in 1875, an agreement (the Decree of Muharrem) was concluded in 1881 between the Ottoman Government and representatives of its foreign and domestic creditors for the resumption of payments on Ottoman bonds, and a European control of a part of the Imperial revenues was instituted through the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt. At the same time, the Ottoman Empire was burdened by capitulations, conferring rights and privileges in favour of their subjects resident or trading in the Ottoman lands, following the policy towards European States of the Byzantine Empire. According to these capitulations, traders entering the Ottoman Empire were exempt from local prosecution, local taxation, local conscription, and the searching of their domicile. The capitulations were initially made during the Ottoman Empire’s military dominance, to entice and encourage commercial exchanges with Western merchants. However, after dominance shifted to Europe, significant economic and political advantages were granted to the European Powers by the Ottoman Empire. Both regimes, substantially maintained by the Treaty of Sèvres, were considered unacceptable by the Nationalist Movement led by Mustafa Kemal and therefore became the subject of negotiations during the Conference of Lausanne. The definitive overcoming of both of them, therefore represents one of the most evident examples of the reacquisition of the full sovereignty of the Republic of Turkey.

scholarly journals Partie tworzące koalicję Zjednoczonych Patriotów (2016− 2019) wobec mniejszości tureckiej i Republiki Turcji

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 269-285
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Fijołek-Kwaśniewska
Keyword(s):  
Radical Right ◽  
National Front ◽  
The Third ◽  
Populist Radical Right ◽  
National Movement ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Republic Of Turkey

The aim of this paper is to identify the individual political elements of the United Patriots’ coalition. The nationalist electoral alliance formed in 2016 by Attack, the IMRO -Bulgarian National Movement and National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria took a part of the third Boyko Borissov government. Starting this new partnership with the populist radical right, the GER B has resigned from promoting EU values, including minorities’ rights, much more than before. This coalition established xenophobia and making racists statements as a standard of Bulgarian parliamentary discussion. Its attitude towards the Turkish minority in Bulgaria and the Republic of Turkey shows hostility and prejudice.

scholarly journals CINEMATOGRAPHY AS AN ELEMENT OF THE IDEOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF KEMALISM

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 650-653
Author(s):  
Rustam Izmaylov ◽  
Anastasia Blagoveshchenskaya ◽  
Nikita Kuvshinov ◽  
Inna Imamovna Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Historical Research ◽  
National Education ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Turkish State ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Education Culture ◽  
Political Principles ◽  
Republic Of Turkey ◽  
Kemal Ataturk

Purpose: The article deals with the politics of the Kemalists in the Republic of Turkey in the 1920s - 1930s, as well as the ways of indoctrination of the main political principles of this ideology. During this period, Turkey, under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, began radical changes affecting all spheres of society. Methodology: The research given is based on the principles of science, historicism, and impartiality; moreover, historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-systematic methods of historical research are used. Result: Having declared itself a secular state, focusing on the European level of development of those times, the Republican Turkey at the same time created its own system of national education, culture, language, ideology. This was facilitated by quite radical, largely authoritarian transformations. However, it is worth noting that the goal of the reforms was not widespread westernization of society, but the creation of a national Turkish state. Applications: This research can be used for the universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of Cinematography as an element of the ideological system of Kemalism is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.

scholarly journals LAICISM IN THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY IN THE 1920-1930S

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 692-695
Author(s):  
Rustam Izmaylov ◽  
Albina Imamutdinova ◽  
Marina Mefodeva
Keyword(s):  
Previous History ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The Given ◽  
Republic Of Turkey ◽  
Kemal Ataturk ◽  
Historical System

Purpose: The article deals with the Kemalists' policy of secularization and the inclusion of the laicism principle in the ideological doctrine of the Turkish Republic in the 1920-30s. Methodology: Historical-genetic, historical-comparative and historical-system methods of research were underlain the given study. Result: Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk great radical transformations in all spheres of life of the former Ottoman Empire began, namely the state system, the reform of the school and its separation from religion. All these transformations summed up the previous history of Turkey as a dependent, semi-colonial feudal state, clearing the way to modernization and renewal of all aspects of life. Applications: This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of Laicism in the Republic of Turkey in the 1920-1930s is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.

scholarly journals Ottoman War of Independence and Its Effects (1908-1923)

2020 ◽  
pp. 319-342
Author(s):  
ساهرة حسين محمود
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
World War ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Western Front ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
National Movement ◽  
Kemal Ataturk

The Turkish War of Independence, i.e. (the war of liberation), also known as (the War of Independence) or (the national campaign), took place (May 19, 1919 - July 24, 1923) between the Turkish national movement and the allies ( Greece) on the Western Front, and Armenia on The Eastern Front, France on the Southern Front, and the royalists and separatists in different cities, and in addition to them; the United Kingdom and Italy in Constantinople (now Istanbul) - after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and divided after the Ottoman defeat in World War I in 1914, few British, French and Italian occupation forces Spread or participated in the hostilities, the Turkish National Movement in Anatolia resulted in the formation of a new major national assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and his colleagues, after the end of the war on the Armenian Turkish, French, Turkish and Turkish Greek fronts (often referred to as the Eastern Front, Southern Front, and Western Front of War Respectively), the Treaty of Sèvres was abolished in the year 1920 AD, and the Kars (October 1921) and Lausanne (July 1923) treaties were signed. The Allies left Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey decided to establish a republic in Turkey, whose establishment was declared on October 29, 1923, with the establishment of the Turkish national movement and the division of the Ottoman Empire and the abolition of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Empire ended and its era. After Ataturk made some reforms, the Turks established the modern secular national state of Turkey on the political front. On March 3, 1924, the Ottoman caliphate was formally abolished and the last caliphate was exiled.

FROM ATATURK TO ERDOĞAN: PATTERNS OF POWER TRANSIT IN TURKEY

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Sh.K. Yergobek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Value Orientation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Current Development ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
Political Values ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Turkey ◽  
Kemal Ataturk

The article deals with the issues of power transit and transformation of political values in the Republic of Turkey. The founder of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, attached key importance to such phenomena as secularism, civil society, liberalization and modernization. However, the current development of political processes in Turkey causes some concern not only from the point of view of changing the form of government, but also from the point of view of transforming the value orientation of the state Prosecutor's office.

scholarly journals The History from the View of the Founder Fathers of the Republic of Turkey: The War of Independence

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Ahmet Vurgun ◽  
Muhammet Avaroğulları
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
School History ◽  
Cognitive Levels ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Document Review ◽  
Republic Of Turkey

This study aims to reveal how the Turkish War of Independence was told in the history textbooks in elementary schools to the Republic of Turkey’s first generation. The research has been carried out using the historical research method, one of the qualitative research methods. The data of the study have been collected through the primary school history textbooks published between 1924-1928. The data have been obtained through document review. According to the research findings, the subjects of Istanbul’s occupation, the occupation of Izmir, the resistance against invasions, the Battles of Inonu, the Eastern Front, the Battle of Sakarya and the Battle of Dumlupınar are included in the textbooks. In contrast, the Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir is not included. It is understood that since the textbooks were written right after the War of Independence, this directly affected the content and the language used. It is possible to see the enthusiasm, emotion, excitement, and perspective of the Turkish War of Independence in the textbooks. This situation shows that the process and the atmosphere in the country affect the history education. Moreover, it has been observed that the subjects were told in the form of stories, taking into account the students’ cognitive levels. It is remarkable how the Republic’s fathers told and conveyed the Turkish War of Independence to the Republic’s children about the events that took place just recently. In conclusion, this study demonstrates how the present-day Turkish history textbooks have evolved from those entirely subjective textbooks of the early Republic era.

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