The early weaning of pigs V. The inclusion of digestive enzymes and antibiotics in diets for pigs weaned at 6–7 lb. live weight

1959 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. C. Calder ◽  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
R. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

1. Dry-meal diets for pigs weaned at 6–7 lb. mean live weight and 6·9 days mean age were supplemented with antibiotic, pepsin and an α-amylase preparation according to a factorial design involving sixty-four pigs on eight treatments. Antibiotic was included in the respective diets from weaning to 40 lb. live weight and the enzymes from weaning to 25 lb. live weight.2. Antibiotic supplementation gave a 12·5% increase in rate of growth from weaning to 40 lb. P < 0·001) by reducing the incidence of scour and increasing food consumption from weaning to 25 lb. Antibiotic exerted no effect upon efficiency of food conversion.3. Pepsin supplementation increased the incidence of scour and reduced rate of growth by 3·7% whilst being fed (P < 0·1) and by 8·6% after it was omitted at 25 lb. live weight (P < 0·01). Efficiency of food conversion was reduced by 5·5% when pepsin was fed (P < 0·05) and by 4·6% after it was omitted at 25 lb. live weight (P < 0·1).4. α-Amylase appeared to exert little influence upon either growth rate or efficiency of food conversion except in the presence of pepsin. It appeared to counteract the harmful effects of pepsin on growth rate from weaning to 25 lb. and on food conversion efficiency from 25 to 40 lb. This resulted in a 5·5% increase in growth rate during the first period (P < 0·01) and 5·7% improvement in food conversion efficiency during the second period (P < 0·05).5. The overall effects of antibiotic, pepsin and α-amylase supplementation upon time taken to reach 40 lb. live weight were a reduction of 5·6 days, an increase of 3·8 days and a reduction of 3·9 days, respectively.

The early weaning of pigs IV. Comparisons of levels of antibiotic and sources of protein in diets for pigs weaned at 9 lb. live weight

1959 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. M. Lucas ◽  
A. F. C. Calder ◽  
H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Antibiotic Level ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

In Exp. 1 groups of piglets weaned at about 9 lb. live weight were fed one of three 29% protein diets up to 26 lb. live weight. These diets A, B and C contained 42, 20 and 0% dried skim milk, 15, 25 and 32% white fish meal and 22, 34 and 47% rolled oat groats, respectively. At 26 lb. all pigs were changed over to a standard 17% protein diet.The replacement of about one-half of the dried skim milk in diet A with white fish meal and rolled oat groats caused 4% faster growth from 9 to 26 lb. live weight, but the replacement of all the dried skim milk caused growth over the same weight range to be slower by 6%. The quadratic component of these treatment effects was significant at P < 0·0·25. The slower growth with the diet containing no dried skim milk was associated with a lower daily consumption of feed, and the improved growth rate with the intermediate skim milk level was probably associated with an improvement in food conversion efficiency. Treatment differences in food conversion efficiency before 26 lb. live weight, however, were not statistically significant. There were no significant carry-over effects of treatments upon performance from 26 to 50 lb. live weight.In Exp. 2 piglets weaned at about 9 lb. live weight were fed individually up to 40 lb. live weight. From 9 to 26 lb. antibiotic levels of 22, 45, 67 and 90 mg./lb. feed were compared, but from 26 to 40 lb. all pigs were fed a standard diet containing 18 mg. antibiotic/lb. In diets fed before 26 lb. the antibiotic was a mixture of 3 parts by weight chlortetracycline: 1 part by weight procaine penicillin. From 26 to 40 lb. live weight the antibiotic fed was chlortetracycline.Before 26 lb. live weight increases in antibiotic level caused average increases of up to 5% in growth rate and 4% in food conversion efficiency. Taken in conjunction with previous results the improvement in growth rate in favour of the highest antibiotic level was significant at P < 0·05.There were no carry-over effects of antibiotic level on growth rate from 26 to 40 lb., but there was the suggestion of a linear trend whereby each increase in antibiotic level fed before 26 lb. caused a decrease in food conversion efficiency between 26 and 401b. (P = 0·10).The results are discussed in relation to financial economies which may be made in diets for early weaned pigs.

The effects of quantity and distribution of milk substitute on the performance and carcass measurements of artificially reared lambs

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Penning ◽  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

SUMMARYTwenty-seven groups of Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn lambs each of 2 castrated males and 2 females were offered daily quantities of 180, 248 or 343 g of milk substitute dry matter (DM) for 21, 29 or 40 days. Concentrate pellets were available ad libitum and from 22 days of age 150 g of hay per week was offered. When the mean live weight of a group reached 35 kg two castrates and one female from each group were slaughtered and the carcasses appraised.The growth rate and daily concentrate intake of lambs from 48 days of age until slaughter (reported -in this paper) were not affected by previous treatment, but lambs weaned at 40 days had a higher food conversion efficiency in this period (0·266 kg gain/kg feed DM) than those weaned at 21 days (0·244) or 29 days (0·232).Delaying weaning from 21 to 29 and 40 days reduced overall concentrate DM intake from birth to slaughter (from 88·15 to 81·09 and 73·39 kg) but increased growth rate (261, 276 and 288 g/day) and the conversion of total DM consumed to live weight (0·300, 0·311 and 0·350 kg/kg). Increasing the daily allowance of milk substitute from 180 to 248 and 343 g/day also reduced total concentrate intake (84·18, 80·74 and 77·71 kg). Growth rate and food conversion efficiency tended to increase and concentrate DM intake to decrease when the same total quantity of milk substitute was given over a longer period. Castrated males grew faster than females (290 v. 260 g/day).Weaning age generally had a greater effect than daily allowance of milk substitute on carcass measurements. Fat in the carcass tended to increase with increasing weaning age and significant interactions between daily allowance of milk substitute and weaning age were found for some carcass measurements.

The early weaning of pigs: I. The effect upon growth of variations in the protein, fat, sucrose, antibiotic, vitamin and mineral contents of diets for pigs of 8–25 lb. live weight and a comparison of wet and dry feeding

1956 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Smith ◽  
I. A. M. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Antibiotic Level ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

1. The pigs in the three experiments reported were weaned at 10 days old and fed water and drymeal diets ad libitum until they reached 25 lb. live weight. They were housed individually in cages and records were kept of each pig's food consumption and of its live weight every third day.2. Most of the diets fed were based on roller-dried skim milk, rolled oat groats, white fishmeal, sucrose, dried yeast, cod-liver oil, minerals and antibiotic.3. Forty-eight pigs were used in Exp. 1, which was designed as a 4 × 2 factorial. Food-conversion efficiency was significantly improved by 10% when the crude protein in the diet was raised from 24 to 29%. Increasing the protein to 34 or 39% brought no further significant improvement. There were no significant differences between growth rates which were attributable to the four levels of protein.The inclusion of 10% sucrose in the diet did not result in increased food consumption, but there were significant improvements of 8% in growth rate and 10% in food conversion efficiency. There were no treatment interactions.4. Twenty-four pigs were used in Exp. 2, which was designed as a 2 × 2 factorial. Figs fed a diet containing 7% fat grew 4% faster and 6% more efficiently than others fed a diet containing 3·7% fat, but neither difference approached statistical significance. There was no advantage in feeding the meal as a slop, indeed, there was a tendency for the pigs to scour more than on dry feeding. As in Exp. 1 there was no treatment interaction.5. Forty-eight pigs were used in Exp. 3, which was designed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial. The basal diet contained about 30% crude protein and 10% sucrose.An increase in the antibiotic level from 18 to 112 mg./lb. diet significantly increased growth rate by 7%, but the 9% increase in efficiency of food conversion was not statistically significant.The addition of a trace mineral supplement significantly improved rate of gain by 7%, but the 6% increase in efficiency of food conversion was not statistically significant.The addition of a complex vitamin mixture had no significant effect upon either rate or efficiency of growth.6. In all three experiments the shape of the growth curve of pigs weaned at 10 days old wag divided into two periods. During the initial ‘check period’, lasting about 10 days, the pigs ate only small amounts of food, grew very slowly, and sometimes scoured. After the ‘check period’ there was a sudden change to the ‘growing period’, during which the pigs ate increasing amounts of meal and grew rapidly.The only treatment which significantly affected the length of the check period was in Exp. 3, when the addition of the vitamin supplement to a diet containing a high antibiotic level shortened the check period by 3 days but then counteracted this advantage by reducing rate of gain during the growing period.7. Between 25 lb. weight and 8 weeks of age twenty-four pigs from the experiments reported were fed ad libitum on a dry-meal diet containing 22% crude protein. The average live weight of these pigs at 8 weeks was 49 lb.

An evaluation of the micronization process for preparing cereals for the growing pig. 2. Effects on growth rate, food conversion efficiency and carcass characteristics

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. J. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Designed Experiments ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Ground Wheat ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

SUMMARY1. In each of two 2 × 3 factorially designed experiments 72 pigs were individually- and scale-fed diets containing 86·5% of maize, wheat or barley in ground or micronized, flaked and ground (micronized) forms.2. In both experiments, the first between 17 and 20 kg and the second between 22 and 90 kg live weight, pigs offered the micronized maize and barley diets grew significantly faster and converted the dry matter of their diets significantly more efficiently than did pigs offered the ground maize and barley diets. There were no significant differences between the micronized and ground wheat diets in the first experiment but in the second experiment the micronized diet gave significantly inferior results.3. In pigs slaughtered at 90 kg live weight those fed all the micronizedbased diets had significantly higher killing-out percentages than those fed the diets based on the ground cereals. Other within-cereal significant differences were those of increased carcass length in pigs given micronized maize and increased fat deposition in pigs given micronized wheat.

Meat production from pigs which have farrowed 1. Reproductive performance and food conversion efficiency

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Brooks ◽  
D. J. A. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

SUMMARYThe reproductive performance and food conversion efficiency ofyoung female pigs (gilts) destined for slaughter after weaning their first litter were investigated using four treatment groups of 19 Landrace × (Landrace × Large White) gilts. In two treatment groups gilts were mated at pubertal heat and suckled for 5 to 11 and 35 to 42 days respectively. These gilts were slaughtered following weaning. A third group of gilts were conventionally mated at third oestrus and suckled for 35 to 42 days. These animals acted as controls for reproductive performace. The fourth treatment group consisted of unmated gilts, slaughtered at 118 kg live weight, which served as controls for food conversion efficiency, growth rate and carcass measurements.There were no significant differences in either the number or weight of piglets born in any of the treatment groups. The food conversion efficiency and growth rate of the mated gilts was significantly (P< 0·001) worse than that of the unmated gilts marketed at heavy weights. Of the mated gilts those mated at puberty and weaned at 35 to 42 days had the best overall feed conversion efficiency (4·56: 1) between the start of the experiment and weaning and required less food per piglet reared to 6 weeks of age than the gilts mated at third heat.

Effect of nutrient density, presence of fish meal and method of feeding of unmedicated diets on early-weaned pigs

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Pike ◽  
M. K. Curran ◽  
M. Edge ◽  
Anne Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
Group Feeding ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACTIn two experiments, the first with 96 pigs from 5 weeks of age and the second with 384 pigs from 3 weeks of age, high nutrient dense diets (HND) or conventional diets (CONV) were given with (50 g/kg diet) or without fish meal, up to slaughter at 90 kg live weight. Diets were unmedicated. In both experiments pigs were given food according to scales which equalized digestible energy intakes for the HND and the CONV diets. In experiment 1 pigs were individually fed; in experiment 2 group feeding was practised with pens of 16 pigs either floor or trough fed.There was no mortality in experiment 1, but the mortality was high in experiment 2, particularly amongst those pigs receiving the CONV diet without fish meal. In experiment 1, in the first 56 days, inclusion of fish meal in the CONV and HND diets significantly improved growth rate but food conversion efficiency was significantly improved in the CONV diet only. Overall, up to slaughter, growth rate and food conversion efficiency were significantly poorer in pigs given the CONV diet without fish meal (cf. the three other diets) but the HND diets were significantly better than the CONV diet with fish meal. In experiment 2, overall there were no significant differences in performance between floor- and trough- feeding methods, CONV diets without fish meal gave significantly poorer growth rates in the first 56 days and overall than the other three diets, between which there were no significant differences. In both periods, for food conversion efficiency, fish meal inclusion was without significant effect in the HND diets but significantly improved the CONV diets, both of which were significantly inferior to the HND diets.

A comparison of the feeding value of maize and sorghum for fattening pigs

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. X. Vanschoubroek ◽  
R. L. Van Spaendonk ◽  
W. Nauwynck
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
Feed Value ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Fattening Pigs ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

Six comparable groups, each of 4 castrate pigs, were used to compare the feed value of maize and sorghum as estimated by live-weight gain, food conversion efficiency, slaughter quality and ham composition.The maize ration contained 40% yellow maize and the sorghum ration 40% Sorghum vulgare subglabrescens, all other ingredients being the same for both diets.No statistically significant differences were found between the maize and sorghum pigs with regard to the criteria mentioned.It is concluded that no difference exists between the feed value of the maize and the sorghum used. This result is in better agreement with the net energy values of maize and sorghum as calculated by the formula of Hoff-mann and digestion coefficients for pigs, than with “classical” starch equivalents.

Selection indices to improve the efficiency of lean meat production in cattle

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Simm ◽  
C. Smith ◽  
J. H. D. Prescott
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Selection Indices ◽  
Efficiency Of Selection ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

ABSTRACTSelection indices to improve the efficiency of lean meat production in cattle were derived with an aggregate breeding value which comprised growth rate, food conversion efficiency, killing-out proportion and carcass lean proportion. Index measurements were growth rate, food conversion efficiency and ultrasonic fat area. Relative economic values of traits in the aggregate breeding value were calculated for an 18/20-month beef system, assuming a fixed national output of lean meat. Literature estimates of phenotypic and genetic parameters were used. Two indices were derived, one with a complete restriction on genetic changes in birth weight, and the other without restriction. Correlations between the index and the aggregate breeding value were 0·53 for the restricted index, and 0·57 for the unrestricted index. The maximum proportional reduction in expected economic response, due to complete restriction of birth weight was about 0·08. Selection on either index would actually lead to a slight decrease in carcass lean proportion, but this was less than the decrease expected from selection solely on growth rate. Correlations between the indices and the aggregate breeding value (measuring the accuracy of selection) fell by only about 0·01 when ultrasonic measurements were omitted from the index, but fell by about 0·09 when food conversion efficiency was omitted. Sensitivity of the indices to changes in parameters was also examined. With proportional changes of ±0·5 in individual economic weights, or absolute changes of ±0·2 in genetic correlations or −0·2 in heritabilities, the efficiency of selection ranged from 0·93 to 1·00.

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs 5. The interaction between isoleucine and leucine

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Taylor ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

ABSTRACTThirty-two female growing pigs (25 to 55 kg live weight) were subjected to four dietary treatments combining two levels of isoleucine and two levels of leucine to investigate the effects of leucine supply on the requirement for isoleucine.Results for daily live-weight gain, food conversion efficiency and carcass quality judged by ham dissection indicated that 3·8 g isoleucine per kg diet was marginally adequate for the growing pig in diets containing 13·4 g leucine per kg. An interaction between dietary leucine and isoleucine was demonstrated. Increasing the dietary leucine concentration to 20·4 g/kg clearly resulted in a deficiency of isoleucine in the basal diet, as daily gain, food conversion efficiency and carcass quality were significantly improved by increasing the isoleucine concentration from 3·8 g to 4·5 g/kg diet. Dietary leucine concentration did not influence performance at the higher level of isoleucine supply. Changes in plasma urea and amino acid concentrations confirmed the findings from the growth experiment of the interaction between isoleucine, leucine and valine.

The evaluation of economically optimal rations for bacon pigs formulated by curve fitting and linear programming techniques

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Dent ◽  
P. R. English
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Programming Techniques ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Better Than

Least cost rations for specific rates of growth in the growing and finishing periods were given to pigs slaughtered at 200 lb. live-weight. During the growing period pigs grew very close to the planned rates in spite of the fact that some food was rejected. Pigs given rations for a low growth rate in the growing period grew slightly faster than planned in the finishing period. In the finishing period pigs given rations for the high growth rate grew on average very near to this rate. The pigs given the ration for the low growth rate grew slightly faster than planned. Food conversion efficiency was for all pigs very near to, or slightly better than, that planned. The rations had no adverse effect on carcass quality.

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