The body composition of growing sheep during milk feeding, and the effect on composition of weaning at various body weights

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Searle ◽  
D. A. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
Milk Feeding

SummaryThirty-four (13♂, 21♀) entire cross-bred lambs were suckled on reconstituted, spray-dried cows' milk from 2 days of age for varying periods of time up to 18 weeks before being weaned on to solid food or slaughtered to determine chemical composition. The body composition of each sheep (water, fat, protein, energy) was also estimated from the tritiated water (TOH) space at 3-weekly intervals during milk feeding, at intervals of 5–8 weeks subsequently and at slaughter. Comparison between. TOH estimates and whole body analysis confirmed the accuracy of the previously-derived prediction equations.The relationship between each of the various body components and body weight for individual sheep during milk feeding was described by a ‘bent’ (non-rectangular) hyperbola. There were no substantial differences between animals in either the position or slope of the lower asymptote nor in the slope of the upper asymptote. There were, however, substantial differences in the point of intersection of the two asymptotes both within and between sexes. The mean intersection points for males and females were 17·7 and 14·4 kg body weight respectively.Sheep weaned at body weights of 11–16 kg subsequently followed the previously defined pattern of growth. Weaning at higher body weights (21–34 kg, body fat not less than 5·5 kg) resulted initially in both fat and/or body weight loss. In the final fattening phase of growth early- and late-weaned sheep of the same sex had similar body composition but females were fatter than males.

Prediction of body compostion of sheep from tritiated water space and body weight—tests of published equations

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Searle
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
General Application ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Healthy Sheep ◽  
Water Space

SUMMARYThe body composition of parasite-infected sheep and of healthy sheep of various body weights and breeding was predicted from tritiated water (TOH) space and body weight using previously published regression equations. Results agreed well with body composition determined by analysis of the minced carcass though a small bias existed in some groups. It is concluded that the equations have a general application to the prediction of body composition in sheep.

scholarly journals Composition of the human foetus

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharad V. Apte ◽  
Leela Iyengar
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Foetus ◽  
Free Weight ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Ca:P Ratio

1. The body composition was determined of forty-one fetuses of different gestational ages born to mothers belonging to a low socio-economic group of the population.2. With increasing gestational age the water content fell from 88% at 28 weeks to 76% at term; the fat content increased from 2.1% to 11.2% and the protein content increased from 6.9 to 9.3%.3. The changes in body composition were more closely related to body-weight than to gestational age.4. The calcium, Phosphorus and magnesium contents of the body per unit fat-free weight progressively increased with gestational age, and at term the values appeared to be considerably lower than those reported in the literature. The Ca:P ratio was constant at different body-weights.5. The body iron content per unit of fat-free weight increased marginally with increasing gestational age. The value was almost 30% lower than the values reported from elsewhere.6. It is suggested that chemical composition and nutrient stores of the developing foetus can be considerably influenced by the state of maternal nutrition.

Growth in sheep. I. The chemical composition of the body

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Searle ◽  
N. McC. Graham ◽  
M. O'Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Rumen Development ◽  
Set Up

SUMMARYFifteen sheep were fed ad libitum from 2 days to 27 months of age, and another 15 sheep were each fed exactly half the average amount consumed by the first group, age for age. The body composition of each sheep (water, fat, protein, energy) was estimated from tritiated water space on 13 occasions during this period.To describe the course of growth in individual sheep in terms of the relationships between the various body components and body weight, a model was set up in which 4 phases of growth were distinguished, viz. the milk-feeding phase, the period of rumen development, and a prefattening followed by a fattening ruminant phase. Each phase was represented by a linear equation.Except for phase 1, mean composition within each phase differed significantly between well-fed animals and those which had been given a restricted diet. Individual animals differed in the body weight at which the final phase commenced; the average weight was ca. 31 kg. Fat storage was zero or negative during the main period of rumen development; otherwise the fat and therefore energy content of weight gain increased from phase to phase. The protein and water content of gain was high in phases 1 and 2 and decreased subsequently.Calculations based on data in the literature indicated that, in phase 4, the composition of weight loss was the same as that of weight gain. It is also suggested that the body weight at which this fattening phase commences is related to mature weight, with animals of large ultimate size starting to fatten at heavier body weights than those of small ultimate size.The application of the results to the determination of nutrient requirements is discussed.

Compensatory growth in immature sheep: I. The effects of weight loss and realimentation on the whole body composition

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Drew ◽  
J. T. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum

SUMMARYForty-eight cross-bred wether lambs were used to measure the effects of severe feed restriction and realimentation on the body and carcass composition of immature sheep. Ten of the total number of sheep were used as an initial slaughter group, 12 were continuously fed (six at the ad libitum level of intake and six at 70% ad libitum), 26 were progressively underfed and 18 of them were realimented after a mean loss of about 25% empty body weight (EBW).Shrunk body weight (SBW = weight after an 18-h fast with access to water) was a good predictor of empty body weight (EBW = SBW minus gastro-intestinal contents) and the EBW of continuously growing sheep was a good predictor of body water, protein, fat, energy and ash, but it was not precise after realimentation, particularly in the early stages of refeeding. Restricted continuous supermaintenance feeding did not alter the body composition of the sheep from that of the sheep on the ad libitum intake at any given EBW except slightly to increase the carcass protein content.Although underfeeding to produce an EBW loss of 25% generally produced changes in the chemical body components which were similar to a reversal of normal growth, body fat did not decrease during the first half of the submaintenance feeding and did not increase during the first 2 weeks of realimentation. Under all circumstances percentage body fat was very closely related to percentage body water.Sheep realimented at 26 kg (after losing 25% EBW) contained, at 45 kg EBW, more bodywater and protein and less fat and energy than continuously-fed animals of the same EBW. The treatment effects were greater in the carcass and had little effect on the non-carcass EBW, with th e result that the refed sheep had 1800 g more water × protein in a carcass that weighed 700 g more than one from a normally grown sheep of the same EBW. The regression of calorific value of th e ash-free dry matter on body fat as a percentage of ash-free dry matter gave calorific values of body protein and fat as 5·652 and 9·342 kcal/g of ash-free dry matter, respectively.

Prediction of the body composition of lambs from the composition of their non-carcass components

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Wilkinson ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Whole Body

AbstractInformation on the chemical composition of Suffolk × Blackface lambs was collected and used to predict empty body (EB) component weights from empty body weight (EBW) and non-carcass (NC) component weights. EBW accounted proportionately for 0·94, 0·89 and 0·95 of the variation in EB crude protein, fat and energy content. A combination of NC component weights accounted proportionately for 0·94, 0·95 and 0·96 of the variation in EB crude protein, fat and energy content. EBW and a combination of NC component weights together accounted proportionately for 0·97, 0·97 and 0·98 of the variation in EB crude protein, fat and energy content. Chemical analysis of NC components is cheaper and easier than whole body analysis and provides a viable alternative to sample joint or specific gravity analysis.

Body composition of young sheep and goats determined by the tritium dilution technique

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Benjamin ◽  
R. Koenig ◽  
K. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Body Components ◽  
Similar Body

SUMMARYTen young crossbred Finnish Landrace sheep and eleven young crossbred Damascus goats with liveweights ranging from 14 to 50 kg and of different ages and body condition, were used to develop equations to predict the body composition (chemical) in the intact body and dressed carcass of young sheep and goats. After injection with tritiated water, the animals were slaughtered and their carcasses partitioned into anatomical body components which were each analysed for chemical composition (water, fat, protein, ash) and energy content. From these components, the energy content and chemical composition of the intact bodies were calculated by summation. Apart from organ and gut fat, the two species had a similar body component composition. Goat intact bodies were more hydrated and had less fat, but were similar to sheep in protein and ash content. The energy concentration in their body components was also similar, but goats had a lower energy concentration in their intact bodies. Total body water, energy content and dressed carcass were predicted accurately by the derived equations, but fat, protein and ash were predicted with less precision.

Phenotypic characterization of three strains of indigenous goats in Tanzania

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Madubi ◽  
G.C. Kifaro ◽  
P.H. Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Indigenous Goats ◽  
Similar Body

SummaryCharacterization of three strains of indigenous goats found in three regions of Tanzania was undertaken on the basis of their phenotypes viz: body weight and measurements, colour pattern, ears and horns.The three strains differed in the body weights and in the frequencies of the different coat colours. The Dodoma and Mtwara strains had similar body measurements, whereas the Kigoma strain was significantly smaller.

scholarly journals Stav antropometrických parametrov a telesného zloženia u detí mladšieho školského veku

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Tomáš Hadžega ◽  
Václav Bunc
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Height ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
School Age ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Frequency Apparatus

The aim of our observation was to measure selected anthropometric characteristics and to analyze actual body composition in children of younger school age from elementary schools in Prague. The group consisted of a total of 222 probands, boys (n-117) and girls (n-105) aged 8–11 years (average boys age = 9.0 ± 1.0 years, body height = 139.9 ± 8.6 cm, body weight = 32 ± 7.5 kg, BMI = 16.3 ± 2.4 kg.m–2). Average age girls = 8.9 ± 0.9 years, body height = 137.3 ± 8.8 cm, body weight = 30.5 ± 7.3 kg, BMI = 15.9 ± 2.4 kg.m–2). The BIA 2000 M multi-frequency apparatus (whole-body bioimpedance analysis) was used to analyze the body composition. Children of younger school age showed higher TBW values – total body water (boys 65.5 ± 6.0%, girls 66.6 ± 6.5%), low body fat (boys 16.1 ± 2.4%, girls 16.5 ± 2.9%) and higher ECM/BCM coefficients (boys 1.0 ± 0.13, girls 1.02 ± 0.11). The authors draws, attention to the importance of monitoring other body composition parameters. The percentage of fat-free mass (FFM) and the share of segmental distribution of body fat and muscle mass on individual parts of the human body.

Studies of weaner sheep during and after a period of weight stasis. II.* Body composition

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
TW Searle ◽  
NMcC Graham
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Weight For Age

Wether sheep (4 months old) were held at 20 kg liveweight by restricted feeding for either 4 or 6 months and then fed ad libitum. Body composition (total water, fat and protein) was estimated monthly from tritiated water (TOH) space measured in vivo, and on three occasions representative animals were slaughtered, minced and analysed. Composition at any given body weight was compared with that previously determined for animals grown without restriction (controls). Sheep slaughtered at the end of the period of weight stasis contained less protein and more water than the controls but contained a similar weight of fat. Previously derived prediction equations estimated water correctly from TOH space in these undernourished sheep, but protein was overestimated by 0.38 kg (17% of the mean) and fat was underestimated by 0.19 kg (10% of the mean). The body composition of animals slaughtered after partial or complete recovery of weight for age was normal for their weight and predictions were accurate. The sequential estimates of composition indicated that although the relationship between fat and weight differed between individuals, at any given body weight above 32 kg compensating animals and controls had a similar composition. *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 26: 343 (1975).

scholarly journals Bayesian analyses of multiple epistatic QTL models for body weight and body composition in mice

2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
NENGJUN YI ◽  
DENISE K. ZINNIEL ◽  
KYOUNGMI KIM ◽  
EUGENE J. EISEN ◽  
ALFRED BARTOLUCCI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Epistatic Effects ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Late Growth

To comprehensively investigate the genetic architecture of growth and obesity, we performed Bayesian analyses of multiple epistatic quantitative trait locus (QTL) models for body weights at five ages (12 days, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks) and body composition traits (weights of two fat pads and five organs) in mice produced from a cross of the F1 between M16i (selected for rapid growth rate) and CAST/Ei (wild-derived strain of small and lean mice) back to M16i. Bayesian model selection revealed a temporally regulated network of multiple QTL for body weight, involving both strong main effects and epistatic effects. No QTL had strong support for both early and late growth, although overlapping combinations of main and epistatic effects were observed at adjacent ages. Most main effects and epistatic interactions had an opposite effect on early and late growth. The contribution of epistasis was more pronounced for body weights at older ages. Body composition traits were also influenced by an interacting network of multiple QTLs. Several main and epistatic effects were shared by the body composition and body weight traits, suggesting that pleiotropy plays an important role in growth and obesity.

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