Take-all distribution and soil type on Chalky Boulder Clay

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Catt ◽  
R. J. Gutteridge ◽  
D. B. Slope
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Boulder Clay ◽  
Extractable Phosphorus ◽  
Take All ◽  
Partial Immunity

SUMMARYIn 1980 a field of winter wheat at Little Raveley, Cambridgeshire (U.K.) suffered a bad attack of take-all, which was confined mainly to areas dominated by Ragdale series, one of five soil types on the field. Take-all and yield were assessed on experimental areas within the field in the three subsequent years (1981–3). On a strip 50 m wide, which was sown with wheat in each of these years, take-all was in decline and although slight differences in take-all occurred between some of the soil types, they had no effect on grain yield. Following a break crop of beans in 1981, the remainder of the field carried wheat in 1982 and 1983. Here take-all was generally less and yields generally greater in the area that suffered the 1980 attack, probably because it had developed a natural partial immunity to the disease. However, measurements of takeall in relation to soil characteristics on 1 m2 plots suggested that the disease was becoming more prevalent on soils that are less well drained in winter, are more deeply decalcified, and contain less extractable phosphorus or more exchangeable potassium.

Effects of fungicides, applied in autumn, and a growth regulator, applied in spring, on the growth and yield of winter barley grown on contrasting soil types

1991 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Jenkyn ◽  
R. J. Gutteridge ◽  
A. D. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Take All

SUMMARYExperiments in 1985 and 1986, at Woburn Experimental Farm in Bedfordshire, tested the effects of fungicides, applied in autumn, and a growth regulator, applied at GS3O–31 or GS32–33 in spring, on winter barley grown on two contrasting soil types in each year. Leaf diseases did not become severe in any of the experiments but take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) was prevalent in 1985. Triadimenol (‘Baytan’) was more effective than flutriafol (‘Ferrax’) in decreasing the severity of takeall and its activity against the disease was related to earliness of sowing.Mean responses in grain yield to the fungicide treatments were mostly small and not significant but did not conflict with the hypothesis that crops on lighter soils benefit more from autumn fungicides than those on heavier soils. Mean effects of the growth regulator sprays were also small but they interacted with both soil type and season. Over the 2 years the later spray applied to crops on the heavier soil gave the largest mean response. Sprays applied to crops on lighter soils were often detrimental to yield, especially in 1985.

scholarly journals The Effects of Cultivar, Nitrogen Supply and Soil Type on Radiation Use Efficiency and Harvest Index in Spring Wheat

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1391
Author(s):  
Xizi Wang ◽  
Svend Christensen ◽  
Jesper Svensgaard ◽  
Signe M. Jensen ◽  
Fulai Liu
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Radiation Use

There is an urgent need among plant breeders for a deeper understanding of the links between wheat genotypes and their ability to utilize light for biomass production and their efficiency at converting the biomass into grain yield. This field trail was conducted to investigate the variations in radiation use efficiency (RUE) and harvest index (HI) of four spring wheat cultivars grown on two soil types with two nitrogen (N) fertilization levels. Grain yield (GY) was significantly higher with 200 kg N ha−1 than 100 kg N ha−1 and on clay soil than on sandy soil, and a similar trend was observed for shoot dry matter (DM) at maturity. RUE and HI was neither affected by cultivar nor N-fertilization, but was affected by soil type, with a significantly higher RUE and HI on clay than on sandy soil. The differences of water holding capacity between the two soil types was suggested to be a major factor influencing RUE and HI as exemplified by the principal component analysis. Thus, to achieve a high RUE and/or HI, sustaining a good soil water status during the critical growth stages of wheat crops is essential, especially on sandy soils with a low water holding capacity.

Effect of Herbicides on Take-All Disease (Gaeumannomyces graminis) in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-481
Author(s):  
Ray M. Geddens ◽  
Arnold P. Appleby ◽  
Robert L. Powelson
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
First Year ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
Take All

Experiments were conducted in each of two seasons to determine possible effects of diclofop, difenzoquat, dinoseb, and mecoprop on the incidence of take-all disease and grain yield of winter wheat. All of the herbicides, especially mecoprop, reduced incidence of take-all. Treatments increased grain yields the first year but not the second, compared to the inoculated weed-free control. None of the herbicides tested increased incidence or severity of take-all disease in either of the two seasons. The technique of inoculating disease-free soil was successful in obtaining uniform and reproducible incidence of disease.

Quality of potatoes in relation to soil and season II. The colour of the cooked potato

1946 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wager
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Industrial Research ◽  
Yellow Pigment ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Boulder Clay

Samples of potatoes were collected in three successive seasons from a wide range of soil types and their liability to stem-end blackening determined.Variety and season of growth affected the amount of stem-end blackening which developed.All soil types gave samples with a wide range of stem-end blackening, but the average amounts of blackening in samples from different soil types were shown to differ significantly. Samples from fen, blackland, sand, gravel, limestone and chalk blackened more than those from skirt, silt, warp, clay and boulder clay.The pH of the expressed sap of tubers was independent of the type of soil in which they were grown, but dependent on variety and locality of growth. No evidence that the pH of the tubers influenced the amount of stem-end blackening pigment was obtained.The yellowness of the flesh of tubers showed an approximately normal distribution. Slight evidence for an effect of soil type on the amount of yellow pigment was obtained.The work described above was carried out as part of the programme of the Food Investigation Board of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.

Effects of Incorporating or Burning Straw, and of Different Cultivation Systems, on Winter Wheat Grown on Two Soil Types, 1985–91

1995 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Prew ◽  
J. E. Ashby ◽  
E. T. G. Bacon ◽  
D. G. Christian ◽  
R. J. Gutteridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Cultivation Systems ◽  
Sharp Eyespot ◽  
Take All

SUMMARYDisposal methods for straw from continuous winter wheat were tested on two soil types, a flinty silty clay loam and a sandy loam, over 7 years (1985–91). The methods tested were burnt or chopped straw in full factorial combination with four cultivation methods (tined to 10 cm, tined to 10 cm then to 20 cm; ploughed to 20 cm; tined to 10 cm then ploughed to 20 cm). Measurements were taken to determine the effects on crop establishment and growth, pest and disease incidence, and the consequent effects on yield. Another experiment (1985–91) on the flinty silty clay loam site, investigated the interactions between straw treatments (burnt, baled or chopped in plots that were all shallow cultivated to 10 cm) and five other factors; namely, time of cultivation, insecticides, molluscicides, fungicides and autumn nitrogen. All the straw x cultivation systems allowed satisfactory crops to be established but repeated incorporation of straw using shallow, non-inversion cultivations resulted in very severe grass-weed problems. Early crop growth, as measured by above-ground dry matter production, was frequently decreased by straw residues, but the effect rarely persisted beyond anthesis. Pests were not a problem and their numbers were not greatly affected either by straw or cultivation treatments, apart from yellow cereal fly which, especially on the heavier soil, was decreased by treatments which left much straw debris on the soil surface. Incorporating straw also caused no serious increases in the incidence of diseases. Indeed, averaged over all sites and years, eyespot and sharp eyespot were both slightly but significantly less severe where straw was incorporated than where it was burnt. Eyespot, and even more consistently sharp eyespot, were often more severe after ploughing than after shallow, non-inversion cultivations. Effects on take-all were complex but straw residues had much smaller effects than cultivations. Initially the disease increased most rapidly in the shallow cultivated plots but these also tended to go into the decline phase more quickly so that in the fourth year (fifth cereal crop) take-all was greater in the ploughed than in the shallow cultivated plots. On average, yields did not differ greatly with straw or cultivation systems, although there were clear effects of take-all in those years when the disease was most severe. In the last 2 years, yields were limited by the presence of grass weeds in the plots testing chopped straw incorporated by tining to 10 cm.

scholarly journals Effects of Soil Type, Vertical Root Distribution and Precipitation on Grain Yield of Winter Wheat

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirotake Itoh ◽  
Shigeki Hayashi ◽  
Takashi Nakajima ◽  
Tomohito Hayashi ◽  
Hozumi Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
Vertical Root Distribution

scholarly journals Growth of Rice Varieties in Different Kenyan Soil Types Under Water-Deficit Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Magoti Rahab ◽  
Mayumi Kikuta ◽  
George Chemining’wa ◽  
Josiah Kinama ◽  
John Kimani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Upland Conditions

The growth of 20 rice varieties, including both lowland and upland varieties, was evaluated in Kenya under well-watered and water-deficit conditions in four different soil types (black cotton, red clay, volcanic ash, and sandy clay) to compare the adaptability of these varieties to the two water regimes. Under water-deficit condition, after terminating irrigation, the reduction in soil water potential differed markedly according to soil type. The rice varieties tested were classified into four groups, which were largely consistent with differences in rice variety ecotype. We confirmed that lowland varieties such as Basmati 370 should not be considered as a candidate for cultivation under rain-fed upland conditions in Kenya. Furthermore, the results revealed that even potentially high-yielding varieties may not attain their yield potential if the cultivation environment is unsuitable. Although we found that five upland varieties (Dular, IRAT109, NERICA 1, NERICA 4, and Yumenohatamochi) presented relatively higher grain yield under water-deficit conditions in all soil types, individual variety’s grain yield depended on the soil type. Their higher yield is attributable to certain root traits and their yield variations to an interactive effect between root development and soil type. Our results indicated that the varieties Dular, IRAT109, NERICA 1, NERICA 4, and Yumenohatamochi are suitable for cultivation under rain-fed upland conditions across the major rice-growing areas in Kenya and that soil type should be considered when selecting varieties for an area’s maximum productivity.

scholarly journals Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Response to Applied Potassium on Two Contrasting Soil Types (Vertisols and Cambisols) in The Central Highlands of Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beza Woldearegay Shewangizaw ◽  
Shawl Assefa ◽  
Kenzemed Kassie ◽  
Getanh Shegaw
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Status ◽  
Rate Interaction

Abstract Background: A field experiment was conducted at Basonawerana district, Amhara regional state on two major soil types for three consecutive years to determine the effect of application of potassium fertilizer on yield and yield components of wheat and to verify the soil fertility and fertilizer recommendation Atlas of the study site. Six levels potassium were applied (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 kg K ha-1). At each potassium levels, a balanced nutrient of 92 kg N, 30 kg P, 30 kg S, 2 kg Zn, 0.5 kg Cu and 0.5 kg B ha-1 were applied. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with tree replications. Result: The analysis of variance showed that all the measured parameters were Significant influenced by year, soil type and the interaction of year x soil type. The highest grain yield, which was observed from cambisols during the first year was increased grain yield by 176.7 % (3954 kg ha-1) compared with the lowest yield observed from vertisols during the third year. Similar trend was also observed in straw yield and harvest index. On the other hand, all the measured parameters was non-significant influenced by K rate, interaction of K rate x soil type and year x K rate x soil types. Numerically, the highest yield (3878.9 kg ha-1) was observed from the highest K rate. However, the trend was not consistent. Conclusion: application of different rates of potassium fertilizer brings any significant growth and yield response on two soil types of the study sites. So, application of this fertilizer is not recommended for the crop with such high K soil status.

Some factors affecting the growth and yield of winter wheat grown as a third cereal with much or negligible take-all

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Prew ◽  
J. Beane ◽  
N. Carter ◽  
B. M. Church ◽  
A. M. Dewar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Sharp Eyespot ◽  
Late Application ◽  
Take All

SUMMARYWinter wheat cv. Avalon was sown in autumn 1981, 1982 and 1983 on a clay loam soil following two cereal crops. Multifactorial experiments tested the effects of combinations of the following eight factors, each at two levels: rotation, sowing date, timing of nitrogen, amount of nitrogen, growth regulator, pesticide, spring fungicide and summer fungicide.The best 16-plot mean grain yields in 1982–4 were respectively 8·7, 10·2 and 11·1 t/ha. Rotation had the largest effect on grain yield. Wheat following barley was severely infected with take-all and yielded, on average over 3 years, 2·2 t/ha less than wheat following oats. Take-all was more severe on wheat sown in mid-September than in mid-October; its effects on yield were lessened by early timing of N in 1982. Take-all decreased growth and N uptake mainly after anthesis, and also number of ears and dry weight per grain. Sowing in mid-September compared with mid-October decreased yield of wheat after barley by an average of 0·8 t/ha because take-all was more severe. Early sowing had negligible effects on grain yield of wheat after oats, but increased straw dry weight by 1·1 t/ha.Spring fungioide increased yield by an average of 0·3 t/ha. Effects were larger after barley than after oats, associated with a greater incidence of eyespot after barley. Summer fungioide increased yield by an average of 0·3 t/ha. Foliar diseases were slight in all 3 years. Fusarium ear blight and sharp eyespot were prevalent in 1982 and were not well controlled by the fungioide treatments. Fungicide temporarily decreased the incidence of some components of the mioroflora on the ears. Pesticide increased grain yield of wheat after oats only in 1984, when aphids on the ears were numerous. Aphids were present on early-sown plots in all three autumns but there was little barley yellow dwarf virus infection even without pesticide. Pesticide always decreased the number of nematodes after harvest to fewer than present before sowing. Populations never approached levels expected to affect yield.Early N application (main application early March) resulted in a larger grain yield in 1982 than N applied a month later. In 1983 and 1984 grain yield and N uptake by the grain were greater with the late application, especially when wheat was sown early. The soil contained more mineral N in the autumn of 1982 and 1983 than in 1981. Straw weight was always greater with early than with late application. Increasing the amount of N applied from 163 to 223 kg/ha increased N uptake by 40 kg/ha and grain yield by 0·5 t/ha after oats and by 0·6 t/ha after barley. N uptake in grain plus straw by the best yielding crops ranged from 205 kg/ha in 1982 to 246 kg/ha in 1984.Chlormequat applied at the start of stem extension shortened the stems at maturity by 2 cm each year. In 1984 it inoreased yield of early-sown wheat by 0·3 t/ha and also decreased lodging, which did not occur in the first 2 years.

Effects of incorporating different amounts of straw on growth, diseases and yield of consecutive crops of winter wheat grown on contrasting soil types

2001 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. JENKYN ◽  
D. G. CHRISTIAN ◽  
E. T. G. BACON ◽  
R. J. GUTTERIDGE ◽  
A. D. TODD
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Available N ◽  
Winter Wheat Crop

Three experiments on winter wheat, each lasting 5 years and on different soil types, were used to test the effects of incorporating different amounts of straw, mainly to determine the importance of achieving uniform distribution to avoid adverse effects on grain yield. Decreases in crop growth and/or grain yield as a consequence of incorporating straw were detected in the first year. The decreases were much larger in one experiment where straw was imported and applied to soil that had been fallowed for 12 months before sowing the wheat than in the other two where the straw was incorporated following the harvest of a winter wheat crop. In the subsequent 4 years, incorporating up to 20 t straw/ha had no significant effects on grain yield but there were some significant effects on concentrations and uptakes of N, P and K, especially on the heavier textured soils. The effects on crop growth and yield that were detected in the first year on each site are tentatively attributed to decreases in available N representing that which was required to support the decomposition of the incorporated straw. The relative lack of significant effects in subsequent years seems to imply that a significant proportion of this N was remineralized relatively quickly, and thus available to support the decomposition of the straw that was incorporated in the second year and, after further recycling, in the years after that. Eyespot, caused by the fungus Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, was decreased by incorporating straw but there were few significant effects on other diseases. The results provide a generally reassuring message for farmers in suggesting that on most, if not all, soils there is little cause for concern about the consequences of incorporating even large amounts of wheat straw before sowing a further crop of winter wheat.

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