Mortality and Voyage Length in the Middle Passage: New Evidence from the Nineteenth Century

1984 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Eltis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Middle Passage ◽  
Endemic Disease ◽  
Testing Of Hypotheses ◽  
New Evidence

New data on mortality and voyage length in the nineteenth-century slave trade make possible further testing of hypotheses on why slaves died during the middle passage. Mortality rates (defined as death per slaves embarked/voyage length in days × 1000) were higher in the nineteenth century than in earlier centuries and varied markedly between regions of embarkation. In the high mortality regions, all ships in the sample appeared to have experienced a higher death rate, suggesting that epidemics were not of prime importance. Mortality rates do not appear to have fluctuated very much during the voyage nor does the slaves–per–ton variable have much explanatory power. The major explanation is probably endemic disease.

TROUBLING MEMORIES: NINETEENTH-CENTURY HISTORIES OF THE SLAVE TRADE AND SLAVERY

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 147-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Hall
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
British Government ◽  
Middle Passage ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the memories and histories of the slave trade and slavery produced by three figures, all of whom were connected with the compensation awarded to slave owners by the British government in 1833. It argues that memories associated with slavery, of the Middle Passage and the plantations, were deeply troubling, easier to forget than remember. Enthusiasm for abolition, and the ending of ‘the stain’ upon the nation, provided a way of screening disturbing associations, partially forgetting a long history of British involvement in the slavery business. Yet remembering and forgetting are always interlinked as different genres of text reveal.

Transported Identities: Global Trafficking and Late-Imperial Subjectivity in Cuban Narratives on African Penal Colonies

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Susan Martin-Márquez
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Middle Passage ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Penal Colony ◽  
Penal Colonies ◽  
Black Legend

AbstractThis article studies the reformulation of Black Legend, Middle Passage andconvivenciadiscourses in nineteenth-century narratives published by Cubans sent to Spain's de facto penal colony on Fernando Po. Contextualised with archival sources, this reading highlights how deportees condemned Spain's perpetuation of the slave trade while struggling to negotiate their own positioning within the racially-stratified practices of late-imperial space. Those negotiations often exacerbated traditional divisions between different communities within the Spanish colonial system. In some instances, however, the deportees’ encounters with citizens and colonised subjects from distant territories may have bolstered and expanded intra-imperial identification and solidarity.

scholarly journals Effects of COVID 19 Pandemic on Diabetic Patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Khalid Farhan Alshammari ◽  
Nuseibah Saleh Almakhalfi ◽  
Fadyah Mohammed Alradaddi ◽  
Maha Qasem Almutairi ◽  
Raghad Abdullah Almeshari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare System ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Home Visits ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Large Group ◽  
The Future

Ever since the pandemic started in March 2020, the whole world and the healthcare system were overburdened with an extremely difficult task of curbing COVID-19 as much as possible to decrease the death rate and to understand its effects. Diabetic patients are no different as they constitute a large group globally. Therefore, understanding the biggest factors that affects their day-to-day life is crucial to be able to treat them well and decrease the chances of having high mortality rates among diabetics. COVID-19 in diabetes is susceptible to high mortality rates making them prone to develop nutritional and psychological effects. Further studies are needed to provide better care in the future for diabetic patient’s psychological and nutritional wellbeing and alleviate their healthcare by developing targeted programs, awareness and scheduled home visits.

European colonial soldiers in the nineteenth century: their role in white global migration and patterns of colonial settlement

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulbe Bosma
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Important Implication ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Global Migration ◽  
Empire Building ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Migration History ◽  
Colonial Settlement ◽  
European Migration

AbstractMore than six million European soldiers were involved in nineteenth-century empire-building and a substantial number of them stayed behind in the colonies. Throughout history, soldiers have been priming the pump for settler colonies, being a reliable force in difficult pioneering circumstances with high mortality rates. In the age of European mass migration, however, these colonial soldiers were consistently excluded from migration statistics. This article argues that there is a nexus between the beginning of the age of mass migration and the exclusion of colonial soldiers from migration history. Their status as un-free labourers developed into an anomaly at a time when free labour and free European migration increasingly became the norm. An important implication of including these colonial soldiers in the purview of migration history would be a revisiting of nineteenth-century European emigration history. It would require a broader comparative perspective on coercive labour conditions among nineteenth-century European migrants (military and non-military). This effort could be part of an ongoing revision of the perception of the age of European mass migration as overwhelmingly free.

Mortality in the Eighteenth-Century French Slave Trade

1980 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Stein
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Middle Passage ◽  
The West ◽  
African Coast

The eighteenth-century French slave trade claimed the lives of at least 150,000 African captives and 20,000 French crewmembers. Traditionally, the ‘Middle Passage’ has been held responsible for these deaths, but detailed information from the port of Nantes shows that the time spent on the African coast could be just as deadly as the crossing, at least for the crew. During the century nearly 8 percent of the crews died along the coast, compared with 5 per cent at sea. The African death rate for the crew actually rose in the second half of the century because increased competition made for longer stays in Africa. At the same time, faster crossing times led to a decline in the death rate at sea and yielded a fairly constant overall rate for the century.The situation was somewhat different for the captives. Although the data are less comprehensive, they indicate a generally declining mortality rate during the century. This was due ultimately to reduced sailing times from Africa to the West Indies. Like the crewmembers, the captives benefited from the quicker crossings of the post-1763 period. Unlike the crew, however, captives were less affected by the increased time in African waters. More familiar with the African environment, they did not suffer as much from the extended stay along the coast, and by the end of the century slave mortality was lower than crew mortality. Unfortunately, the data are lacking to relate mortality either to trading sites in Africa or to Caribbean destinations.

Fluctuations in Mortality in the Last Half Century of the Transatlantic Slave Trade

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Eltis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Middle Passage ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
Board Ship ◽  
Complex Dataset

The slave trade, death, and misery were inseparable long before abolitionist writers took up the slave trade as a subject in the late eighteenth century. Throughout the historiography there has been widespread recognition that Africans entering the trade died not only during the middle passage but during the process of enslavement and travel in the interior, on the African littoral awaiting shipment, and after arrival in the Americas. Europeans directly involved in the traffic were at risk in the last three of these four phases of transition between life in Africa and life in the Americas, and tended to die at rates comparable to their human cargoes. In the shipboard phase, and probably also in other stages of the journey, mortality in the slave trade normally exceeded that in other long-distance population movements. In the nineteenth century this differential widened as rates on other long-distance routes fell (Cohn, 1984; Eltis, 1984; Grubb, 1987; Klein, 1978; McDonald and Shlomowitz, 1989, forthcoming). To date, most explanations have focused on morbidity and mortality on board ship; data on the preembarkation phases are no more available to us today than to the abolitionists 150 years ago. For shipboard mortality, overcrowding on the ship, psychic shock, and violence have not fared well as explanations in the work of the last two decades, although the interplay between the first two and resistance to disease suggests further consideration. The present study focuses on shipboard mortality, but it is based on a large and complex dataset. It begins with a discussion and preliminary analysis of the nineteenth-century data. This is followed by a review of the various hypotheses on mortality in the slave trade.

scholarly journals Visualizing the Middle Passage: The Brooks and the Reality of Ship Crowding in the Transatlantic Slave Trade

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Radburn ◽  
David Eltis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Middle Passage ◽  
Accurate Representation ◽  
Slave Ship ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
Slave Ships ◽  
Contemporary Artists

Crowding on slave ships was much more severe than historians have recognized, worsening in the nineteenth century during the illegal phase of the traffic. An analysis of numerous illustrations of slave vessels created by then-contemporary artists, in conjunction with new data, demonstrates that the 1789 diagram of the British slave ship Brooks—the most iconic of these illustrations—fails to capture the degree to which enslaved people were crowded on the Brooks, as well as on most other British slaving vessels of the eighteenth century. Five other images of slave ships sailing under different national colors in different eras further reveal the realities of ship crowding in different periods. The most accurate representation of ship-board conditions in the eighteenth-century slave trade is in the paintings of the French slave ship Marie-Séraphique.

scholarly journals TETANUS – AN EVALUATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC DATA IN BRAZIL

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Do Patrocínio Dias ◽  
Suzana Ramos Ferrer ◽  
Hygia Maria Nunes Guerreiro
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Neonatal Tetanus ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Clostridium Tetani ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
On Line

Tetanus is an infectious preventable disease caused by Clostridium tetani that still occurs in large numbers in Brazil and has high mortality rates. Epidemiological data on morbidity and mortality of accidental and neonatal tetanus in Brazil from 2008 to 2011 were collected from the System of Information of Notifiable Diseases available on line. There were 1299 cases of accidental tetanus cases with 419 (32%) deaths. Men aged 20 to 59 years were most affected. High numbers of accidental tetanus areprobably related to more exposure to risk factors. The lack of specialcampaigns for tetanus revaccinations every ten years is another important factor. The fewer number of cases of neonatal tetanus (23) is related to the success of governmental vaccination program targeted to this age group. Despite low numbers, death rate is high, 65% among neonatal cases.  

scholarly journals Rufino Joins the Slave Trade

2019 ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
João José Reis ◽  
Flávio dos Santos Gomes ◽  
Marcus J. M. de Carvalho ◽  
H. Sabrina Gledhill
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Middle Passage ◽  
Slave Traders ◽  
Slave Ships ◽  
Strategic Position

Now a freedman, Rufino starts working as a cook aboard slave ships, a strategic position in the business of transporting captives alive across the Atlantic, for cooks kept the slaves and crew healthy during the Middle Passage lasting 27 to 60 days. Rufino may also have used his earlier experience to prepare medicine and amulets for Muslim slaves. After the slave trade was banned in 1831, slave ships were frequently overcrowded, leading to an increase in mortality rates. Rufino’s first employer was a trader named Joaquim José da Rocha who sent slaves from Angola to Rio de Janeiro. Later, he would work for other slave traders, such as Joaquim Ribeiro de Brito, who operated between Luanda and Recife, in the province of Pernambuco, where at least 28,000 slaves were disembarked between 1837 and 1841.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document