Rostellar hook morphology of larval Echinococcus granulosus isolates from the Indian buffalo and Iranian sheep, cattle and camel

2010 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gholami ◽  
M. Irshadullah ◽  
I. Mobedi
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Rostellar Hook ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Phenotypic Polymorphism ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Valid Criterion

AbstractIsolates of Echinococcus granulosus from the Indian buffalo and Iranian sheep, cattle and camels were characterized on the basis of rostellar hook morphology of the protoscolices. Results obtained indicated phenotypic polymorphism among parasites isolated from different host species. Isolates from buffalo are morphologically quite different from those of the more common sheep and cattle isolates and may represent a different strain, adapted to buffalo. In the Sari region of northern Iran, two morphologically distinct forms of E. granulosus, one in sheep and one in camels, were identified. Total length and handle length of both large and small hooks were considered the most variable characteristics which could be used not only for differentiating parasite isolates from different host species but also the origin of infection in the definitive host. We therefore suggest that larval hook morphology may be considered as a valid criterion for the identification of E. granulosus strains in Iran.

Combining data from morphological traits and genetic markers to determine transmission cycles in the tape worm, Echinococcus granulosus

Parasitology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. LYMBERY
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Blade Length ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Transmission Cycles

Species of Echinococcus (Cestoda: Taeniidae) require 2 mammalian hosts to complete their life-cycle; a carnivorous definitive host, and a herbivorous or omnivorous intermediate host. For most species of Echinococcus, the definitive host range is restricted to 1 or a few species, but the intermediate host range is very broad. Programmes to control hydatid disease attempt to break the life-cycle of the parasite and their effectiveness is therefore enhanced by an understanding of local patterns of transmission. Although it is known that the rostellar hooks of protoscoleces may be influenced by the species of intermediate host in which they develop, the application of this knowledge to infer transmission cycles has been limited, because the intermediate host effect has not been isolated from other environmental and genetic components of phenotypic variance. This study presents a method for separating these potentially confounding genetic and environmental effects, by combining quantitative genetic analyses of hook traits with data on population structure from neutral genetic markers. The method was applied to 5 hook traits (hook number, total length of large hooks, blade length of large hooks, total length of small hooks, blade length of small hooks) measured on protoscoleces from 2 intermediate host types (sheep and macropod marsupials) in Australia. Although genetic variance was similar for all traits, they differed markedly in the extent of environmental variance attributed to development in different host types. Total length of small hooks was the trait most affected, with 49–60% of phenotypic variance being explained by environmental differences between intermediate host species. Blade length of small hooks was least affected, with none of the phenotypic variance due to intermediate host origin. These data suggest that hook measurements of adult worms from naturally infected definitive hosts could be used to determine the intermediate host species from which infection was acquired, if the appropriate traits are measured.

The influence of second intermediate host species on the infectivity of metacercarial cysts of Echinoparyphium recurvatum

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Reproductive Status ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Second Intermediate Host

The potential influence of second intermediate host species on the infectivity of metacercarial cysts of Echinoparyphium recurvatum to the definitive host Anas platyrhynchos was examined experimentally. Echinoparyphium recurvatum metacercarial cysts were obtained from the following experimentally infected second intermediate hosts 14 days post expsoure to cercariae: Lymnaea peregra; Physa fontinalis; L. stagnalis;Planorbis planorbis; Biomphalaria glabrata; tadpoles of the amphibian Rana temporaria. Metacercarial cysts from each of these hosts were fed, in doses of 50 cysts per individual, to separate groups composed of between four and eight, 3-day-old A. platyrhynchos ducklings. All A. platyrhynchos were necropsied 15 days post-infection and the number, size, and reproductive status of E. recurvatum worms in the intestine was recorded. Analyses of variance on the number (transformed log (x + 1)) and size of worms revealed no significant differences in worms originating from metacercariae formed in the different second intermediate hosts (worm number P > 0.05, and worm size P > 0.05). All worms recovered were found to be gravid. It is therefore concluded that the species of second intermediate host utilized does not influence the infectivity of the metacercarial cyst of E. recurvatum, nor the subsequent establishment and reproductive status of the parasite in A. platyrhynchos.

Comparative migration, growth and development of Typhlocoelum cucumerinum sisowi in dabbling ducks and Typhlocoelum cucumerinum cucumerinum in diving ducks

Parasitology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn E. Scott ◽  
M. E. Rau ◽  
J. D. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Dabbling Ducks ◽  
Diving Ducks ◽  
Air Sacs ◽  
Aythya Valisineria

SUMMARYExperimental infections of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos L.) with Typhlocoelum cucumerinum sisowi (Skrjabin, 1913) and of canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria (Wilson)) with Typhlocoelum cucumerinum cucumerinum (Rudolphi, 1809) revealed significant differences in various parameters of the life-cycle in the definitive host. Both T. c. sisowi and T. c. cucumerinum migrate to the trachea via the abdominal cavity, air sacs and lungs, although T. c. cucumerinum migrate more quickly and more synchronously than T. c. sisowi. Typhlocoelum c. sisowi has a shorter expected life-span than T. c. cucumerinum but grows and reaches maturity more quickly than T. c. cucumerinum. Evidence suggests that T. c. cucumerinum has a higher fecundity than T. c. sisowi. These differences in the patterns of migration, growth and development are related not only to differences between the two host species but also to differences intrinsic to the parasites, and serve to provide biological support for considering them as separate sub-species.

Observations on the suitability and importance of the domestic intermediate hosts of Echinococcus granulosus in Uttah Pradesh, India

1989 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Irshadullah ◽  
W. A. Nizami ◽  
C. N. L. Macpherson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydatid Cysts ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Cyst Size

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the suitability and importance of buffaloes, camels, sheep, goats and pigs in maintaining the life-cycle of Echinococcus granulosus in Aligarh, India. A total of 565 (36%) of 1556 buffaloes, 20 (2%) of 1208 goats, 5 (1%) of 559 pigs, 6 (6%) of 109 sheep and two of three camels were found to harbour hydatid cysts. The frequency distribution of the hydatid cysts in each intermediate host species was over-dispersed and in buffaloes cyst fertility increased with increasing cyst size. Of 2171, 95 and four buffalo, goat, and camel cysts examined 327 (15%), two (2%) and three cysts respectively were fertile. No pig or sheep cysts were found to contain protoscoleces. The unfenced buffalo abattoir and the large number of dogs allowed access to the abattoir coupled to the number of buffaloes slaughtered in comparison to the other potential hosts, indicates that the buffalo is the most significant host for maintaining the life-cycle of the parasite in this area of India. Applicable control measures for the region are suggested.

Lysis of Echinococcus granulosus by surface-active agents in bile and the role of this phenomenon in determining host specificity in helminths

1962 ◽  
Vol 156 (965) ◽  
pp. 553-572 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Deoxycholic Acid ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Lytic Effect ◽  
Surface Active Agents ◽  
Surface Active

An extract of ox bile was found to lyse protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus and induce abnormal accumulations of cytoplasmic fat. This observation led to a study of the in vitro action of bile and bile salts on this organism. Bile from the following herbivores caused lysis and fat accumulations: hare, rabbit, ox, sheep, man; lysis did not occur with bile from the following carnivores: fox, dog, cat. Sodium salts of cholic, taurocholic and glycocholic had no observable effect. Sodium salts of deoxycholic, glycodeoxycholic and taurodeoxycholic (in order of effectiveness) had a lytic effect. As a rule, herbivore biles producing lysis were those described as being rich in deoxycholic acid, largely conjugated with glycine. Bile from the dog (the natural definitive host) is reported as being relatively poor in deoxycholic acid which in carnivores is largely linked with taurine. It is suggested that the nature, type of conjugation and concentration of bile acids may play (amongst other factors) a major role in determining host specificity for E . granulosus . This hypothesis may prove to be capable of further extension to include intestinal parasites in general and may represent a fundamental controlling factor in many helminth and protozoan life cycles. It follows that the molecular configuration of the exposed surfaces of a successfully established intestinal parasite must be such that it is not susceptible to attack by the lytic agents present in the bile of its definitive host. It is suggested that the mechanism of lysis may be related to the presence of mitochondria in the cestode cuticle since these structures are known to be readily fragmented by deoxycholate and surface active substances. Sodium oleate had a lytic effect similar to, but less rapid than, sodium deoxycholate. There is evidence that the deoxycholic acid content of carnivore bile which is related to the microflora of the gut may be increased by change to a herbivorous diet; if this result is confirmed, it may indicate a nutritional method for controlling E. granulosus in dogs and possibly other helminth infections. It is speculated that a survey of bile acids and bile soaps throughout the animal kingdom may reveal the existence of other surface-active agents with a more pronounced lytic effect on E. granulosus or other helminths, than the limited group of bile compounds examined here.

First occurrences of the host/parasitoid relationship in Brazil and Peru: Bibliographic summary

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 015-041
Author(s):  
Carlos Henrique Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Definitive Host ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Specific Relationship ◽  
First Occurrence ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
The Relationship

It is common for parasitoidism to modify the behavior of the host species, facilitating the development and propagation of the parasitoid and establishing a highly specific relationship. In this case, herbivores such as cattle, sheep, deer, and rabbits are the definitive host of the parasitoid. The objective of this review is to describe the first occurrence of the host/parasitoid relationship in Brazil and Peru. The mini review consists of a bibliographic summary of parasitoids of the Order Hymenoptera parasitoids collected in Brazil and Peru. The research was carried out in studies related to the theme with emphasis on the quantitative aspects of the Superfamily, Family, Subfamilies, Genera, and Species (taxonomic groups). A literature search was carried out containing articles published from 2000 to 2021. The mini review was prepared in Goiânia, Goiás, from July to September 2021, using the Electronic Scientific Library Online (Scielo) and internet. Since the relationship between parasitoids and their hosts is very specific, it is common for agricultural pests to be naturally controlled through parasitoidism. Wasps of the Ichneumonoidea and Braconidae family respectively parasitize caterpillars of butterflies and moths, and even aphids.

scholarly journals Usefulness of Hydatid Cyst Fluid of Echinococcus granulosus Developed in Mice with Secondary Infection for Serodiagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis in Humans

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wulamu Mamuti ◽  
Hiroshi Yamasaki ◽  
Yasuhito Sako ◽  
Kazuhiro Nakaya ◽  
Minoru Nakao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydatid Cyst ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
False Positive ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Cyst Fluid ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Tissue Homogenates ◽  
Hydatid Cyst Fluid

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to assess the usefulness of hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) of Echinococcus granulosus, obtained from mice experimentally infected with hydatid cyst tissue homogenates, for the serodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans. The sensitivity and specificity of HCF obtained from mice for the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the sera of CE patients were compared with those of HCF from sheep and/or from a human CE patient by using immunoblotting (IB) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HCFs obtained from three different host species all were highly useful for immunoblotting, and sera from 19 (95%) of 20 CE patients equally recognized the antigen B subunit (approximately 8 kDa). HCF from mice showed a cross-reaction with 9 of 20 alveolar echinococcosis (AE) sera (45%), whereas HCFs from two other host species cross-reacted with 14 of the AE sera (70%). Although 2 (10%) of 20 sera from neurocysticercosis (NCC) patients were false positive with HCF from both sheep and humans, none of these sera showed a positive reaction with HCF from mouse origin. ELISAs with HCFs from both mouse and sheep origins detected all 20 CE and AE sera; however, these ELISAs showed 45% (9 of 20) and 60% (12 of 20) false-positive reactions with 20 NCC sera, respectively. The presence of nonspecific human IgG in HCF obtained from a CE patient prevented us from applying it to the ELISA. HCF of E. granulosus, obtained from laboratory mice with a secondary infection with hydatid cyst tissue homogenates, appears to be highly useful for the serodiagnosis of CE in humans and may be useful in domestic animals.

Intestinal parasites of the grey fox (Pseudalopex culpaeus) in the central Peruvian Andes

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.L. Moro ◽  
J. Ballarta ◽  
R.H. Gilman ◽  
G. Leguia ◽  
M. Rojas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Taenia Hydatigena ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Pseudalopex Culpaeus

AbstractThe intestines of 20 grey Peruvian foxes (Pseudalopex culpaeus) were examined for the presence of Echinococcus granulosus and other intestinal parasites. Echinococcus granulosus was not found in foxes but Taenia hydatigena and T. multiceps were found in 7 and 4 animals respectively. The grey fox may not be a suitable definitive host for E. granulosus. However, it may act as a sylvatic reservoir of T. hydatigena and T. multiceps in the central Peruvian Andes.

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