Patterns ofClinostomum marginatuminfection in fishes and amphibians: integration of field, genetic, and experimental approaches

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M. Calhoun ◽  
K. L. Leslie ◽  
T.B. Riepe ◽  
T.J. Achatz ◽  
T. McDevitt-Galles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Exposure Dose ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Pseudacris Regilla ◽  
Experimental Approaches

AbstractDigenetic trematodes of the genusClinostomumare cosmopolitan parasites infecting fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and snails as intermediate hosts. Despite the broad geographical distribution of this genus, debate about the number of species and how they vary in host use has persisted. To better understand patterns of infection among host species and across life stages, we used large-scale field surveys and molecular tools to examine five species of amphibians and seven species of fishes from 125 California ponds. Among the 12,360 examined hosts, infection was rare, with an overall prevalence of 1.7% in amphibians and 9.2% in fishes. Molecular evidence indicated that both groups were infected withClinostomum marginatum. Using generalized linear mixed effects models, host species identity and host life stage had a strong influence on infection status, such thatLepomis cyanellus(green sunfish) (49.3%) andTaricha granulosa(rough skinned newt) (9.2%) supported the highest overall prevalence values, whereas adult amphibians tended to have a higher prevalence of infection relative to juveniles (13.3% and 2.5%, respectively). Experimentally, we tested the susceptibility of two amphibian hosts (Pseudacris regilla[Pacific chorus frog] andAnaxyrus boreas[western toad]) to varying levels of cercariae exposure and measured metacercariae growth over time.Pseudacris regillawas 1.3× more susceptible to infection, while infection success increased with cercariae exposure dose for both species. On average, metacarcariae size increased by 650% over 20 days. Our study highlights the importance of integrating field surveys, genetic tools, and experimental approaches to better understand the ecology of host–parasite interactions.

scholarly journals Community disassembly and disease: realistic—but not randomized—biodiversity losses enhance parasite transmission

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1902) ◽  
pp. 20190260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter T. J. Johnson ◽  
Dana M. Calhoun ◽  
Tawni Riepe ◽  
Travis McDevitt-Galles ◽  
Janet Koprivnikar
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Trematode Species ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Larval Amphibians ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Debates over the relationship between biodiversity and disease dynamics underscore the need for a more mechanistic understanding of how changes in host community composition influence parasite transmission. Focusing on interactions between larval amphibians and trematode parasites, we experimentally contrasted the effects of host richness and species composition to identify the individual and joint contributions of both parameters on the infection levels of three trematode species. By combining experimental approaches with field surveys from 147 ponds, we further evaluated how richness effects differed between randomized and realistic patterns of species loss (i.e. community disassembly). Our results indicated that community-level changes in infection levels were owing to host species composition, rather than richness. However, when composition patterns mirrored empirical observations along a natural assembly gradient, each added host species reduced infection success by 12–55%. No such effects occurred when assemblages were randomized. Mechanistically, these patterns were due to non-random host species assembly/disassembly: while highly competent species predominated in low diversity systems, less susceptible hosts became progressively more common as richness increased. These findings highlight the potential for combining information on host traits and assembly patterns to forecast diversity-mediated changes in multi-host disease systems.

Effects of Host Species Identity and Diet on the Biodiversity of the Microbiota in Puerto Rican Bats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Presley ◽  
Joerg Graf ◽  
Ahmad F. Hassan ◽  
Anna R. Sjodin ◽  
Michael R. Willig
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Species Identity

scholarly journals Prevalence and genetic diversity of avian haemosporidian parasites in wild bird species of the order Columbiformes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne R. Schumm ◽  
Dimitris Bakaloudis ◽  
Christos Barboutis ◽  
Jacopo G. Cecere ◽  
Cyril Eraud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Blood Parasites ◽  
Migration Strategy ◽  
Haemosporidian Parasites ◽  
Multiplex Pcr Assay ◽  
And Migration

AbstractDiseases can play a role in species decline. Among them, haemosporidian parasites, vector-transmitted protozoan parasites, are known to constitute a risk for different avian species. However, the magnitude of haemosporidian infection in wild columbiform birds, including strongly decreasing European turtle doves, is largely unknown. We examined the prevalence and diversity of haemosporidian parasites Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon and subgenera Haemoproteus and Parahaemoproteus in six species of the order Columbiformes during breeding season and migration by applying nested PCR, one-step multiplex PCR assay and microscopy. We detected infections in 109 of the 259 screened individuals (42%), including 15 distinct haemosporidian mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages, representing five H. (Haemoproteus), two H. (Parahaemoproteus), five Leucocytozoon and three Plasmodium lineages. Five of these lineages have never been described before. We discriminated between single and mixed infections and determined host species-specific prevalence for each parasite genus. Observed differences among sampled host species are discussed with reference to behavioural characteristics, including nesting and migration strategy. Our results support previous suggestions that migratory birds have a higher prevalence and diversity of blood parasites than resident or short-distance migratory species. A phylogenetic reconstruction provided evidence for H. (Haemoproteus) as well as H. (Parahaemoproteus) infections in columbiform birds. Based on microscopic examination, we quantified parasitemia, indicating the probability of negative effects on the host. This study provides a large-scale baseline description of haemosporidian infections of wild birds belonging to the order Columbiformes sampled in the northern hemisphere. The results enable the monitoring of future changes in parasite transmission areas, distribution and diversity associated with global change, posing a potential risk for declining avian species as the European turtle dove.

Scale, Landscape and Indigenous Bedouin Land Use: Spatial Order and Agricultural Sedentarisation in the Negev Highland

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-35
Author(s):  
Ariel Meraiot ◽  
Avinoam Meir ◽  
Steve Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Analysis ◽  
Structure Development ◽  
British Mandate ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Ordered Field ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Ordered Space ◽  
Sustainable Planning

By taking a small-scale perspective, Bedouin pastoral space in the Israeli Negev in the modern period has been misinterpreted as chaotic by various Israeli institutions. In critiquing this ontology we suggest that a knowledge gap with regard to an appropriate scale of understanding Bedouin settlement patterns and mechanisms of sedentarisation is at its root, and that a larger-scale analysis indicates that their space is in fact highly ordered. Field surveys and interviews with the local Bedouin showed that household cultivation plots in the Negev Highland during the period of the British Mandate were organised at a large scale through natural and man-made landscape features reflecting their structure, development and deployment in a highly ordered space. This analysis carries significant implications for understanding pastoral spaces at the local scale, particularly offering better comprehension of various sedentary forms and suggesting new approaches to sustainable planning and development for the Bedouin.

scholarly journals Life stage and species identity affect whether habitat subsidies enhance or simply redistribute consumer biomass

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 1394-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle A. Keller ◽  
Rachel K. Gittman ◽  
Rachel K. Bouchillon ◽  
F. Joel Fodrie
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Species Identity

Identifying chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) for biological monitoring with PCR–RFLP

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Carew ◽  
V. Pettigrove ◽  
A.A. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Chironomid Species ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Identification Of Species

AbstractChironomids are excellent biological indicators for the health of aquatic ecosystems, but their use at finer taxonomic levels is hindered by morphological similarity of species at each life stage. Molecular markers have the potential to overcome these problems by facilitating species identification particularly in large-scale surveys. In this study, the potential of the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) approach was tested to rapidly distinguish among chironomids within a geographic area, by considering chironomid species from Melbourne, Australia. By comparing molecular markers with diagnostic morphological traits, RFLP profiles of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) region were identified that were specific to genera and some common species. These profiles were used to develop an RFLP–based key, which was validated by testing the markers on samples from several wetlands and streams. As well as allowing for rapid identification of species that are difficult to separate on morphological grounds, this approach also has the potential to resolve current taxonomic ambiguities.

scholarly journals Do parasites adopt different strategies in different intermediate hosts? Host size, not host species, influences Coitocaecum parvum (Trematoda) life history strategy, size and egg production

Parasitology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. RUIZ DANIELS ◽  
S. BELTRAN ◽  
R. POULIN ◽  
C. LAGRUE
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Amphipod Species ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Resource Limitations ◽  
Coitocaecum Parvum

SUMMARYHost exploitation induces host defence responses and competition between parasites, resulting in individual parasites facing highly variable environments. Alternative life strategies may thus be expressed in context-dependent ways, depending on which host species is used and intra-host competition between parasites. Coitocaecum parvum (Trematode) can use facultative progenesis in amphipod intermediate hosts, Paracalliope fluviatilis, to abbreviate its life cycle in response to such environmental factors. Coitocaecum parvum also uses another amphipod host, Paracorophium excavatum, a species widely different in size and ecology from P. fluviatilis. In this study, parasite infection levels and strategies in the two amphipod species were compared to determine whether the adoption of progenesis by C. parvum varied between these two hosts. Potential differences in size and/or egg production between C. parvum individuals according to amphipod host species were also investigated. Results show that C. parvum life strategy was not influenced by host species. In contrast, host size significantly affected C. parvum strategy, size and egg production. Since intra-host interactions between co-infecting parasites also influenced C. parvum strategy, size and fecundity, it is highly likely that within-host resource limitations affect C. parvum life strategy and overall fitness regardless of host species.

scholarly journals Silicon and Iron as Resource-Efficient Anode Materials for Ambient-Temperature Metal-Air Batteries: A Review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Weinrich ◽  
Yasin Emre Durmus ◽  
Hermann Tempel ◽  
Hans Kungl ◽  
Rüdiger-A. Eichel
Keyword(s):  
Anode Materials ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Primary Silicon ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Metal Electrodes ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Battery Technology ◽  
Zinc Air Batteries

Abstract: Metal-air batteries provide a most promising battery technology given their outstanding potential energy densities, which are desirable for both stationary and mobile applications in a ‘beyond lithium-ion’ battery market. Silicon- and iron-air batteries underwent less research and development compared to lithium- and zinc-air batteries. Nevertheless, in the recent past, the two also-ran battery systems made considerable progress and attracted rising research interest due to the excellent resource-efficiency of silicon and iron. Silicon and iron are among the top five of the most abundant elements in the earth’s crust, which ensures almost infinite material supply of the anode materials, even for large scale applications. Furthermore, primary silicon-air batteries are set to provide one of the highest energy densities among all batteries, while iron-air batteries are frequently considered as a highly rechargeable system with decent performance characteristics. Considering fundamental aspects for the anode materials, i.e., the metal electrodes, in this review, we will first outline the challenges, which explicitly apply to silicon- and iron-air batteries and prevented them from a broad implementation so far. Afterwards, we provide an extensive literature survey regarding state-of-the-art experimental approaches, which are set to resolve the aforementioned challenges and might enable the introduction of silicon- and iron-air batteries into the battery market in the future.

The influence of second intermediate host species on the infectivity of metacercarial cysts of Echinoparyphium recurvatum

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Reproductive Status ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Second Intermediate Host

The potential influence of second intermediate host species on the infectivity of metacercarial cysts of Echinoparyphium recurvatum to the definitive host Anas platyrhynchos was examined experimentally. Echinoparyphium recurvatum metacercarial cysts were obtained from the following experimentally infected second intermediate hosts 14 days post expsoure to cercariae: Lymnaea peregra; Physa fontinalis; L. stagnalis;Planorbis planorbis; Biomphalaria glabrata; tadpoles of the amphibian Rana temporaria. Metacercarial cysts from each of these hosts were fed, in doses of 50 cysts per individual, to separate groups composed of between four and eight, 3-day-old A. platyrhynchos ducklings. All A. platyrhynchos were necropsied 15 days post-infection and the number, size, and reproductive status of E. recurvatum worms in the intestine was recorded. Analyses of variance on the number (transformed log (x + 1)) and size of worms revealed no significant differences in worms originating from metacercariae formed in the different second intermediate hosts (worm number P > 0.05, and worm size P > 0.05). All worms recovered were found to be gravid. It is therefore concluded that the species of second intermediate host utilized does not influence the infectivity of the metacercarial cyst of E. recurvatum, nor the subsequent establishment and reproductive status of the parasite in A. platyrhynchos.

Studying and mapping the soils of the southern part Sea of Okhotsk sector of the Kunashir island, Kuril islands

2021 ◽  
Vol 969 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
M.Yu. Grischchenko ◽  
V.V. Khlyustova ◽  
E.A. Izyumnikova ◽  
I.V. Kalimova
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Kunashir Island ◽  
Soil Forming Processes ◽  
Kuril Ridge ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Zonal Soils

The paper deals with compilation of a large-scale soil map for the site of “Kurilsky” nature reserve, located in the southern part of Kunashir island, the Greater Kuril ridge. The islands make a remote and poorly studied area, and the soil is one of the least examined components of the local geosystems. The zonal soils here are cambisoil, but the variety of soil-forming processes characteristic of the island provides a comparative diversity of the cover. Modern volcanism affects the formation process significantly, although its role is sometimes overestimated. The study is based on field surveys performed in the considered area in 2014–2019, during which descriptions of soils were compiled according to standard methods. The map was compiled using a multispectral image of high spatial resolution from the Pleiades-1B satellite and topographic maps. Thus, the abundance of soils from different levels and divisions does not make a significant effect on the general heterogeneity of the territory soil cover due to the small area of intrazonal soils.

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