scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance and transmissible R-factors in the intestinal coliform flora of healthy adults and children in an urban and a rural community

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Linton ◽  
Patricia A. Lee ◽  
M. H. Richmond ◽  
W. A. Gillespie ◽  
A. J. Rowland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
R Factors

SUMMARYFaeces of healthy adults and of children under the age of 5, none of whom were attending hospital or receiving antibiotics, were examined for the presence of antibiotic resistant coliform bacilli.A higher proportion of children (67%) than of adults (46%) carried resistant strains and this difference was observed in both the rural and urban groups.Rural members of both age groups more often carried resistant organisms than urban members. Among rural adults, the incidence of drug-resistant strains was 63 % in those whose occupation involved close contact with farm animals, compared with 29 % in those with other occupations. The survey took place before the implementation of the Swann Report could have influenced the use of antibiotics in animal foodstuffs.Transmissible R-factors were demonstrated in 61 % of the resistant strains. The incidence of transmissible resistance was similar among adults and children in town and country.

scholarly journals Evidence of Another Anthropic Impact on Iguana delicatissima from the Lesser Antilles: The Presence of Antibiotic Resistant Enterobacteria

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 885
Author(s):  
Gustavo Di Lallo ◽  
Marco Maria D’Andrea ◽  
Samanta Sennati ◽  
Maria Cristina Thaller ◽  
Luciana Migliore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

The improper use of antibiotics by humans may promote the dissemination of resistance in wildlife. The persistence and spread of acquired antibiotic resistance and human-associated bacteria in the environment, while representing a threat to wildlife, can also be exploited as a tool to monitor the extent of human impact, particularly on endangered animal species. Hence, we investigated both the associated enterobacterial species and the presence of acquired resistance traits in the cloacal microbiota of the critically endangered lesser Antillean iguana (Iguana delicatissima), by comparing two separate populations living in similar climatic conditions but exposed to different anthropic pressures. A combination of techniques, including direct plating, DNA sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing allowed us to characterize the dominant enterobacterial populations, the antibiotic resistant strains and their profiles. A higher frequency of Escherichia coli was found in the samples from the more anthropized site, where multi-drug resistant strains were also isolated. These results confirm how human-associated bacteria as well as their antibiotic-resistance determinants may be transferred to wildlife, which, in turn, may act as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance.

scholarly journals A survey of trimethoprim resistance in the enteric bacterial flora of farm animals

1979 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. West ◽  
G. White
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
R Factors

SUMMARYFor 29 months the Veterinary Investigation Centres, covering the whole of Great Britain, forwarded trimethoprim-resistant gram negative enteric bacteria to the Wellcome Research Laboratories. These were examined for degree of resistance, presence and type of R factors. Trimethoprim resistance was found in 0·6 % of the total number of strains examined by the Veterinary Investigation Centres. Trimethoprim R factors were demonstrated in one quarter of the resistant strains, and R factors were found in two strains ofSalmonella typhimurium. It was concluded that while the incidence of trimethoprim resistance revealed by the survey gave no cause for alarm, the detection of resistant strains, and particularly R factors, indicated that the drug should continue to be used only for specific therapeutic purposes.

Drug Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Chicken Carcasses

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1001-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA A. TESSI ◽  
MARIA S. SALSI ◽  
MARIA I. CAFFER ◽  
MARIA A. MOGUILEVSKY
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
R Plasmids ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
K 12 ◽  
R Factors

The antibiotic resistance profiles and transferable R factors of Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from 104 broiler carcasses taken from one processing plant were determined. Carcasses were sampled after immersion chilling. All samples were transported iced and immediately analyzed upon arrival to the laboratory. The resistance patterns of isolates to 12 antibiotics were determined (i.e., ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, trim-ethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, neomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, colistin, and nitrofurantoin). Isolates resistant to one or more antibiotics were utilized as donors of resistance to completely antibiotic-sensitive strains, an E. coli K-12, F−, J5, azide-resistant strain and a Salmonella serovar Enteritidis. Transfer of the different R plasmids was confirmed by the determination of the resistance patterns of the transconjugants. Of the 93 Salmonella and 71 E. coli strains isolated from these samples, the largest numbers were resistant to tetracycline (52.7% and 49.3%), sulfisoxazole (45.2% and 42.3%), and streptomycin (37.6% and 39.4%). Large percentages of the Salmonella (33.3%) and the E. coli (30.0%) strains transferred all or part of their resistance to E. coli K-12 in mixed cultures. Great variation was observed between different strains in the frequency at which they transferred resistance. Resistance to tetracycline, sulfisoxazole, and streptomycin was found to be conferred by 31.7%, 29.8%, and 21.6% of the 19 R factors identified. No transfer of resistance to nalidixic acid, gentamicin, cephalothin, nitrofurantoin, and chloramphenicol was detected. When 30 antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains were cultured with a sensitive strain of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis,7 (23.3%) of the resistant strains were found capable of transferring R factors. Only 2 (6.7%) of the resistant strains could transfer R factors and unusual β-galactosidase activity.

scholarly journals Transmission of infectious drug resistance from animals to man

1973 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Wells ◽  
O. B. James
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
R Factor ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns ◽  
R Factors

SUMMARYThe antibiotic resistance patterns of coliforms in faecal specimens from pigs and their human contacts were studied. The ability of the resistant coliforms to transfer their resistance in vitro to antibiotic-sensitive recipients was examined. The results showed that pigs which had received antibiotics carried more multiply-resistant, R-factor bearing coliforms than pigs which had not been given antibiotics. Human contacts of the antibiotic-treated pigs had a higher incidence of antibiotic-resistant coliforms with R-factors than human contacts of pigs which had not been given antibiotics. It is concluded that antibiotic treatment of farm, animals may lead to acquisition of antibiotic resistance by gut coliforms of man.

scholarly journals Microbial quality of herbal juices sold at sport complex in Washim

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 4946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhilesh Kulkarni ◽  
Jayshree Narwade ◽  
Rachana Pachori ◽  
Prithviraj Sadar
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
The People ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

Background: Herbal juices are gaining global attention due to their medicinal properties, nutritive and antioxidant activity. They are frequently consumed by the people of all age groups in the form of health drinks. However, many outbreaks of human infections have been reported to be associated with the consumption of contaminated herbal juices. Hence, microbial quality assessment of herbal juices is utmost important.Methods: The present study was undertaken to detect the existence of enteric pathogens as well as coliforms in the herbal juices sold at sport complex in Washim city area. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also performed to evaluate the MDR status of the isolates.Results: The results showed that most of the herbal juices are contaminated with Salmonella, Shigella and Coliforms. The pathogens were found to be multiple drug resistant strains which pose an alarming threat for the consumers.Conclusions: Regular monitoring of the quality of herbal juices for human consumption is recommended to avoid disease outbreak.

scholarly journals Study of microbiocenosis of fish gills and intestines in their cultivation using preparations based on bacteriophages

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (4) ◽  
pp. 126-133
Author(s):  
Adelya Dzumaniyashevna Zhandalgarova ◽  
Anna Aleksandrovna Bakhareva ◽  
Yulia Nikolaevna Grozesku ◽  
Aleksandr Nevalennyy
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Red Tilapia ◽  
Bacterium Species ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Selective Influence

Nowadays bacteriophages are widely used in veterinary medicine, bio-technology, agriculture and in particular in aquaculture. Narrow specificity affecting the bacterial microflora and selective influence on the pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms allow using the bacteriophages for diagnosing, preventing and treating the diseases of farm animals and fish. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms involves the search for new drugs to combat them. In this regard, phage therapy is an alternative to antimicrobial treatment of bacterial diseases of animals and fish. Despite the lack of data on the bacteriophage-based drugs applications in aquaculture, this direction is found to be promising and relevant. There is given a comparative analysis of the microbiocenosis of the gills and intestines of two-year-olds of red tilapia farmed in the water with adding the poly-valence pyobacteriophage and fed by compound feed treated by the preparation. It has been found that the dominant position in the intestinal microbiocenosis of red tilapia belongs to Micrococcus bacteria, whose share made 45.7% of all isolates of the gastrointestinal tract. By the frequency of occurrence, the second place is taken by the Bacterium species (33.2%), the third place - Staphylococcus (16.1%) species. The remaining groups of intestinal microorganisms are presented by a significantly number of isolates. It has been stated that the gills microflora was represented by a smaller species composition compared to the digestive tract microbiota. Isolates of the Bacterium and Staphylococcus bacteria were dominating, while the Actinomycetales and Bacillus microorganisms were represented in smaller numbers (1-2 colonies). The addition of a bacteriophage to water and its processing of compound feed helps to reduce the contamination of gills and reduce pathogenic microflora in the intestines of fish.

scholarly journals Management of Infections Due to Antibiotic-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 628-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon L. Kaplan ◽  
Edward O. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Common Infection

SUMMARY Antibiotic-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae are becoming more prevalent throughout the world; this has resulted in modifications of treatment approaches. Management of bacterial meningitis has the greatest consensus. Strategies for treating other systemic infections such as pneumonia, bacteremia, and musculoskeletal infections are evolving, in part related to the availability of new antibiotics which are active in vitro against isolates resistant to penicillin and the extended-spectrum cephalosporins. However, there are currently very limited data related to the clinical efficacy of these new agents. The studies upon which current recommendations are based are reviewed. Otitis media represents the single most common infection due to S. pneumoniae. Recommendations for treatment of acute otitis media due to drug-resistant strains and the rationale for these recommendations are discussed.

scholarly journals Nosocomial klebsiellas: I. Colonization of hospitalized patients

1979 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Haverkorn ◽  
M. F. Michel
Keyword(s):  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Epidemiological Tool ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Systemic Antibiotics

SUMMARYThe colonization of patients byKlebsiellaand several other gram-negative bacteria was studied in a hospital urological ward over a period of six months. Before and during the survey there was no evidence of an outbreak of nosocomial infection and multi-drug resistant strains ofKlebsiellawere not isolated.Klebsiellawere biotyped by nine biochemical tests, which led to the detection of 66 biotypes spread uniformly throughout the survey period. This method of biotyping proved a useful epidemiological tool. The colonization rate of throats, hands, and faeces of patients increased after admission to the ward, especially when antibiotics were used. The effect of systemic antibiotics was greater than that of urinary antibiotics especially on throat and faeces carrier rates. Carrier rates forKlebsiellaincreased also after catheterization and operation – relationships which could well be multifactorial.During the first two weeks after admission the proportion of antibiotic resistant strains ofKlebsiellain carriers increased. The proportion of resistant strains amongst isolations from clinical infections was always greater than among strains isolated routinely from sites of carriage.

scholarly journals The biotyping ofEscherichia coliisolated from healthy farm animals

1982 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hinton ◽  
Vivien Allen ◽  
A. H. Linton
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

SummaryA total of 2973Escherichia coli, isolated from six different groups of animals, were examined for their ability to ferment adonitol, dulcitol, raffinose, rhamnose and sorbose in solid media. Twenty-nine fermentation patterns were recorded although 2443 (82%) of theE. colibelonged to seven of the 32 possible biotypes. Ninety-six O-serotypes were identified within the 2973E. coli.The number of O-serotypes represented in the 15 most common biotypes ranged from three to 15. Sero types O8 and O9 were found most commonly in the different groups of animals and several biotypes amongst these two O-serotypes were identified in two or more groups of the animals. The ability of theE. colito metabolize aesculin, ornithine, salicin and sucrose was also assessed. These tests proved less reproducible and were not included in the primary biotyping scheme although their use allowed the enumeration of additional biotypes. The application of biotyping to the study of the ecology of drug-resistant strains ofE. coliin five situations is briefly presented.

scholarly journals Plasmid profiles of drug resistant Shigella boydii types 1–5, 8, 10, 12–14 from Ethiopia (1974–85)

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. GEBRE-YOHANNES ◽  
B. S. DRASAR
Keyword(s):  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Plasmid Profile ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Shigella Boydii ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Large Plasmids ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
R Factors

Plasmid profile analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis was performed on 42 drug resistant strains of Shigella boydii serotypes 1–5, 8, 10, 12–14, collected between 1974 and 1985 from endemic cases of shigellosis in Ethiopia, and their Escherichia coli K12 transconjugants. Resistance factors (R factors) were further characterized by incompatibility testing.Patterns of small plasmids, less than 15 kb, were similar within each of the individual S. boydii serotypes. Plasmids of about 3·3–3·7 kb were found in all strains of serotypes 2 and 4. Plasmids of about 4·3–4·6 kb were found in about 86% of strains. Serotypes 1, 2 and 3 were characterized by plasmids of about 5·6–5·7 kb. The 6·4·6–7 kb plasmid was found consistently in serotypes 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12 and 13 which were resistant to SSu or had an SSu resistance component in their phenotypes. Large plasmids (155–186 kb) were found in most S. boydii strains.Conjugative drug resistance plasmids, most often coding for three or less drugs, were found in about 26% of drug resistant strains. R-factors, coding for AT resistance (in types 2 and 8), and ASSuT resistance (in type 4), were compatible with all reference plasmids tested. Plasmids belonging to incompatibility groups X and N were found in serotypes 5 and 10, respectively.

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