Production of soma and gonad in maturing male Illex argentinus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.G. Rodhouse ◽  
E.M.C. Hatfield
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Mantle Length ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Patagonian Shelf ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Illex Argentinus ◽  
Nutrient Resources

Samples of male Illex argentinus were taken from the catch of a Japanese squid jigging vessel on the Patagonian Shelf during March 1986 and an analysis was carried out on the morphometrics of the somatic and reproductive organ systems in relation to maturation. The data show that growth and maturation occurred simultaneously during most of the time that Illex argentinus males were on the feeding grounds over the southern Patagonian Shelf. In a squid of a ‘standard’ mantle length the whole body mass increased relative to mantle length during maturation and this could be attributed to the increase in mass of the reproductive and accessory reproductive organs. During maturation the mantle and digestive gland mass showed no significant change relative to mantle length. The mass of the head increased and the mass of the viscera decreased relative to mantle length. In male Illex argentinus, as in the female, the energy and nutrient resources for maturation are derived from the squid's food and during the course of maturation there is an increasing shift of emphasis from somatic growth to production of gonad and accessory reproductive organs. The proportional investment of body mass in reproductive and accessory reproductive organs predicted for a fully mature male Illex argentinus was less than half that of the female.

Production of soma and gonad in maturing female Illex argentinus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M.C. Hatfield ◽  
P.G. Rodhouse ◽  
D.L. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Mantle Length ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Illex Argentinus ◽  
Nutrient Resources

Samples of female lllex argentinus were taken from the catch of a Japanese squid jigging vessel on the Patagonian Shelf during March 1986. Morphometrics of the somatic and reproductive organ systems and the histological structure of the mantle in relation to maturation were examined. The data suggest that growth and maturation occur simultaneously during most of the time that lllex argentinus females are on the feeding grounds. In a squid of a ‘standard’ mantle length the whole body mass increases relative to mantle length during maturation and growth of the reproductive organs. This is accompanied by a small but significant decrease in the relative mass of the mantle, head and viscera whilst the mass of the digestive gland remains constant. Although mantle mass of a ‘standard’ female squid decreases relative to mantle length with maturity this is not associated with degeneration of the mantle muscles. Energy and nutrient resources for maturation are apparently derived from the squid's food, not from reserves, and during the course of maturation there is an increasing shift of emphasis from somatic growth to production of gonad and accessory reproductive organs.

Dynamics of growth and maturation in the cephalopod Illex argentinus de Castellanos, 1960 (Teuthoidea: Ommastrephidae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 329 (1254) ◽  
pp. 229-241 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Maturity Indices ◽  
Illex Argentinus ◽  
One Year ◽  
Feeding Grounds ◽  
Female Reproductive Organs

Post-recruit Illex argentinus were collected from the fishery on the Patagonian Shelf between 1986 and 1988. Age was determined by analysis of daily growth increments in ground sections of the statolith, female fecundity was determined, specimens were dissected, weighed and assigned a maturity stage. The relation between mantle length and age is best approximated by a linear model. Both sexes live approximately one year. Females grow faster and attain a larger size than males, but males mature younger. Hatching occurs during the austral winter, peaking in June-July. There is a consistent trend of increasing growth rate with later date of hatching. Statolith growth is negatively allometric with body growth and there is greater divergence between statolith and body growth in females. In post-recruit Illex growth in mass of somatic tissues, apart from the digestive gland, approximates isometry with growth of the whole body. Growth of the digestive gland and the reproductive organs is positively allometric with growth in whole body mass. There is poor correlation between the mass of female reproductive organs and whole body mass, which is due to differences in size at maturity. Mating rarely occurs on the feeding grounds. Fecundity of fully mature females in the sample falls in the range 113835-246098 eggs per individual. This possibly underestimates average fecundity because mature squid on the feeding grounds may be precocious and smaller than average at full maturity. A model combining absolute and relative growth, predicts average male and female growth and growth of the major somatic and reproductive organs. This poorly predicts average female maturity indices with age because of variability in mass of the female reproductive organs. A model that treats maturity stages separately gives close agreement with measured mass of the reproductive organs and maturity indices of a mature female at age one year. Females invest approximately 20% of total body mass in gonad and accessory reproductive organs at full maturity.

scholarly journals Circadian hormone control in a human-on-a-chip: In vitro biology’s ignored component?

2017 ◽  
Vol 242 (17) ◽  
pp. 1714-1731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Cyr ◽  
Omero M. Avaldi ◽  
John P. Wikswo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Endocrine Regulation ◽  
Human Organ ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Endocrine Modulation

Organs-on-Chips (OoCs) are poised to reshape dramatically the study of biology by replicating in vivo the function of individual and coupled human organs. Such microphysiological systems (MPS) have already recreated complex physiological responses necessary to simulate human organ function not evident in two-dimensional in vitro biological experiments. OoC researchers hope to streamline pharmaceutical development, accelerate toxicology studies, limit animal testing, and provide new insights beyond the capability of current biological models. However, to develop a physiologically accurate Human-on-a-Chip, i.e., an MPS homunculus that functions as an interconnected, whole-body, model organ system, one must couple individual OoCs with proper fluidic and metabolic scaling. This will enable the study of the effects of organ-organ interactions on the metabolism of drugs and toxins. Critical to these efforts will be the recapitulation of the complex physiological signals that regulate the endocrine, metabolic, and digestive systems. To date, with the exception of research focused on reproductive organs on chips, most OoC research ignores homuncular endocrine regulation, in particular the circadian rhythms that modulate the function of all organ systems. We outline the importance of cyclic endocrine regulation and the role that it may play in the development of MPS homunculi for the pharmacology, toxicology, and systems biology communities. Moreover, we discuss the critical end-organ hormone interactions that are most relevant for a typical coupled-OoC system, and the possible research applications of a missing endocrine system MicroFormulator (MES-µF) that could impose biological rhythms on in vitro models. By linking OoCs together through chemical messenger systems, advanced physiological phenomena relevant to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies can be replicated. The concept of a MES-µF could be applied to other standard cell-culture systems such as well plates, thereby extending the concept of circadian hormonal regulation to much of in vitro biology. Impact statement Historically, cyclic endocrine modulation has been largely ignored within in vitro cell culture, in part because cultured cells typically have their media changed every day or two, precluding hourly adjustment of hormone concentrations to simulate circadian rhythms. As the Organ-on-Chip (OoC) community strives for greater physiological realism, the contribution of hormonal oscillations toward regulation of organ systems has been examined only in the context of reproductive organs, and circadian variation of the breadth of other hormones on most organs remains unaddressed. We illustrate the importance of cyclic endocrine modulation and the role that it plays within individual organ systems. The study of cyclic endocrine modulation within OoC systems will help advance OoC research to the point where it can reliably replicate in vitro key regulatory components of human physiology. This will help translate OoC work into pharmaceutical applications and connect the OoC community with the greater pharmacology and physiology communities.

Influence of photoperiod on postnatal growth, sexual development, and reproduction in a semifossorial microtine, Microtus pinetorum

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 937-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry L. Derting ◽  
Jack A. Cranford
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Litter Production ◽  
Microtus Pinetorum ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Growth Development

This study examined the effect of photoperiod lengths on growth, development of reproductive organs, and litter production in pine voles (Microtus pinetorum). Between 3 and 7 weeks of age, body mass increased significantly faster under a photoperiod of 8L:16D than under 16L:8D, resulting in an 11% difference in body mass at 7 weeks of age. Prior to 3 weeks and beyond 8 weeks body mass gains were not significantly different. Animals under 8L: 16D molted, on average, at 30.5 days of age, approximately 1 week earlier than animals under 16L:8D. In general, reproductive organ masses of males and females varied only as a function of age and not of photoperiod. The exception was uterine mass, which was greater under 8L:16D than 16L:8D. Similarly, development of tertiary follicles occurred earlier under the short photoperiod.

Reproductive Organ Education for Psychic Health Development of Early Age

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Darwati
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Stage Of Development

Reproductive  health education should be given since early childhood by using language that is adapted to the stage of development. If you procrastinate and wait until the teenager it is already too late because in the days of the digital era, as now, all the information can be easily accessed by anyone including children early age. If the early childhood misinformed about their reproductive organs it would disrupt the physical and psychological development due to the wrong behavior in caring for and maintaining reproductive organs. Qur’an as the holy book of Muslims describes the steps of reproduction and  imparting education wisely as well as how to apply such education. This kind of education must be in accordance with the conditions of children and there should not be a lie about it We can also use media and methods such as pictures, songs, tap or other visual  media which can give clearer information, so that children can clearly see parts of the body, their characteristics, and how to treat and care them. The impropriate approach in conveying this kind of knowledge will be very dangerous for children. The provision of early age reproductive organs education can prevent the occurrence of deviant behavior as well as protect children from dangerous influence in early childhood development.

scholarly journals Insulin-mediated muscle microvascular perfusion and its phenotypic predictors in humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin M. Love ◽  
Linda A. Jahn ◽  
Lee M. Hartline ◽  
James T. Patrie ◽  
Eugene J. Barrett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Microvascular Perfusion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Predictive Information ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Insulin Responses

AbstractInsulin increases muscle microvascular perfusion and enhances tissue insulin and nutrient delivery. Our aim was to determine phenotypic traits that foretell human muscle microvascular insulin responses. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps were performed in 97 adult humans who were lean and healthy, had class 1 obesity without comorbidities, or controlled type 1 diabetes without complications. Insulin-mediated whole-body glucose disposal rates (M-value) and insulin-induced changes in muscle microvascular blood volume (ΔMBV) were determined. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine bivariate and multivariate relationships between outcomes, ΔMBV and M-value, and predictor variables, body mass index (BMI), total body weight (WT), percent body fat (BF), lean body mass, blood pressure, maximum consumption of oxygen (VO2max), plasma LDL (LDL-C) and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and fasting insulin (INS) levels. Among all factors, only M-value (r = 0.23, p = 0.02) and VO2max (r = 0.20, p = 0.047) correlated with ΔMBV. Conversely, INS (r = − 0.48, p ≤ 0.0001), BF (r = − 0.54, p ≤ 0.001), VO2max (r = 0.5, p ≤ 0.001), BMI (r = − 0.40, p < 0.001), WT (r = − 0.33, p = 0.001), LDL-C (r = − 0.26, p = 0.009), TG (r = − 0.25, p = 0.012) correlated with M-value. While both ΔMBV (p = 0.045) and TG (p = 0.03) provided significant predictive information about M-value in the multivariate regression model, only M-value was uniquely predictive of ΔMBV (p = 0.045). Thus, both M-value and VO2max correlated with ΔMBV but only M-value provided unique predictive information about ΔMBV. This suggests that metabolic and microvascular insulin responses are important predictors of one another, but most metabolic insulin resistance predictors do not predict microvascular insulin responses.

scholarly journals A method for evaluation of patient-specific lean body mass from limited-coverage CT images and its application in PERCIST: comparison with predictive equation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjie Shang ◽  
Zhiqiang Tan ◽  
Yong Cheng ◽  
Yongjin Tang ◽  
Bin Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Predictive Equation ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Percist 1.0 ◽  
Limited Coverage

Abstract Background Standardized uptake value (SUV) normalized by lean body mass ([LBM] SUL) is recommended as metric by PERCIST 1.0. The James predictive equation (PE) is a frequently used formula for LBM estimation, but may cause substantial error for an individual. The purpose of this study was to introduce a novel and reliable method for estimating LBM by limited-coverage (LC) CT images from PET/CT examinations and test its validity, then to analyse whether SUV normalised by LC-based LBM could change the PERCIST 1.0 response classifications, based on LBM estimated by the James PE. Methods First, 199 patients who received whole-body PET/CT examinations were retrospectively retrieved. A patient-specific LBM equation was developed based on the relationship between LC fat volumes (FVLC) and whole-body fat mass (FMWB). This equation was cross-validated with an independent sample of 97 patients who also received whole-body PET/CT examinations. Its results were compared with the measurement of LBM from whole-body CT (reference standard) and the results of the James PE. Then, 241 patients with solid tumours who underwent PET/CT examinations before and after treatment were retrospectively retrieved. The treatment responses were evaluated according to the PE-based and LC-based PERCIST 1.0. Concordance between them was assessed using Cohen’s κ coefficient and Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks test. The impact of differing LBM algorithms on PERCIST 1.0 classification was evaluated. Results The FVLC were significantly correlated with the FMWB (r=0.977). Furthermore, the results of LBM measurement evaluated with LC images were much closer to the reference standard than those obtained by the James PE. The PE-based and LC-based PERCIST 1.0 classifications were discordant in 27 patients (11.2%; κ = 0.823, P=0.837). These discordant patients’ percentage changes of peak SUL (SULpeak) were all in the interval above or below 10% from the threshold (±30%), accounting for 43.5% (27/62) of total patients in this region. The degree of variability is related to changes in LBM before and after treatment. Conclusions LBM algorithm-dependent variability in PERCIST 1.0 classification is a notable issue. SUV normalised by LC-based LBM could change PERCIST 1.0 response classifications based on LBM estimated by the James PE, especially for patients with a percentage variation of SULpeak close to the threshold.

scholarly journals Body mass-specific Na+-K+-ATPase activity in the medullary thick ascending limb: implications for species-dependent urine concentrating mechanisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (4) ◽  
pp. R563-R573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mun Aw ◽  
Tamara M. Armstrong ◽  
C. Michele Nawata ◽  
Sarah N. Bodine ◽  
Jeeeun J. Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Thick Ascending Limb ◽  
Rat Strains ◽  
Kangaroo Rat ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression

In general, the mammalian whole body mass-specific metabolic rate correlates positively with maximal urine concentration (Umax) irrespective of whether or not the species have adapted to arid or mesic habitat. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the thick ascending limb (TAL) of a rodent with markedly higher whole body mass-specific metabolism than rat exhibits a substantially higher TAL metabolic rate as estimated by Na+-K+-ATPase activity and Na+-K+-ATPase α1-gene and protein expression. The kangaroo rat inner stripe of the outer medulla exhibits significantly higher mean Na+-K+-ATPase activity (~70%) compared with two rat strains (Sprague-Dawley and Munich-Wistar), extending prior studies showing rat activity exceeds rabbit. Furthermore, higher expression of Na+-K+-ATPase α1-protein (~4- to 6-fold) and mRNA (~13-fold) and higher TAL mitochondrial volume density (~20%) occur in the kangaroo rat compared with both rat strains. Rat TAL Na+-K+-ATPase α1-protein expression is relatively unaffected by body hydration status or, shown previously, by dietary Na+, arguing against confounding effects from two unavoidably dissimilar diets: grain-based diet without water (kangaroo rat) or grain-based diet with water (rat). We conclude that higher TAL Na+-K+-ATPase activity contributes to relationships between whole body mass-specific metabolic rate and high Umax. More vigorous TAL Na+-K+-ATPase activity in kangaroo rat than rat may contribute to its steeper Na+ and urea axial concentration gradients, adding support to a revised model of the urine concentrating mechanism, which hypothesizes a leading role for vigorous active transport of NaCl, rather than countercurrent multiplication, in generating the outer medullary axial osmotic gradient.

Glucocorticoids produce whole body insulin resistance with changes in cardiac metabolism

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (3) ◽  
pp. E654-E667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dake Qi ◽  
Brian Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cardiac Metabolism ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Metabolic Abnormalities ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Per Se

Insulin resistance is viewed as an insufficiency in insulin action, with glucocorticoids being recognized to play a key role in its pathogenesis. With insulin resistance, metabolism in multiple organ systems such as skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue is altered. These metabolic alterations are widely believed to be important factors in the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease. More importantly, clinical and experimental studies have established that metabolic abnormalities in the heart per se also play a crucial role in the development of heart failure. Following glucocorticoids, glucose utilization is compromised in the heart. This attenuated glucose metabolism is associated with altered fatty acid supply, composition, and utilization. In the heart, elevated fatty acid use has been implicated in a number of metabolic, morphological, and mechanical changes and, more recently, in “lipotoxicity”. In the present article, we review the action of glucocorticoids, their role in insulin resistance, and their influence in modulating peripheral and cardiac metabolism and heart disease.

Decreased Bone Density in Adolescent Girls With Anorexia Nervosa

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K. Bachrach ◽  
David Guido ◽  
Debra Katzman ◽  
Iris F. Litt ◽  
Robert Marcus
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Bone Density ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Control Subjects

Osteoporosis develops in women with chronic anorexia nervosa. To determine whether bone mass is reduced in younger patients as well, bone density was studied in a group of adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa. With single- and dual-photon absorptiometry, a comparison was made of bone mineral density of midradius, lumbar spine, and whole body in 18 girls (12 to 20 years of age) with anorexia nervosa and 25 healthy control subjects of comparable age. Patients had significantly lower lumbar vertebral bone density than did control subjects (0.830 ± 0.140 vs 1.054 ± 0.139 g/cm2) and significantly lower whole body bone mass (0.700 ± 0.130 vs 0.955 ± 0.130 g/cm2). Midradius bone density was not significantly reduced. Of 18 patients, 12 had bone density greater than 2 standard deviations less than normal values for age. The diagnosis of anorexia nervosa had been made less than 1 year earlier for half of these girls. Body mass index correlated significantly with bone mass in girls who were not anorexic (P &lt; .05, .005, and .0001 for lumbar, radius, and whole body, respectively). Bone mineral correlated significantly with body mass index in patients with anorexia nervosa as well. In addition, age at onset and duration of anorexia nervosa, but not calcium intake, activity level, or duration of amenorrhea correlated significantly with bone mineral density. It was concluded that important deficits of bone mass occur as a frequent and often early complication of anorexia nervosa in adolescence. Whole body is considerably more sensitive than midradius bone density as a measure of cortical bone loss in this illness. Low body mass index is an important predictor of this reduction in bone mass.

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