scholarly journals Micronutrients and immune function in cattle

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry W. Spears
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Cu Deficiency

Complex inter-relationships exist between certain micronutrients, immune function and disease resistance in cattle. Several micronutrients have been shown to influence immune responses. The relationship between deficiencies of some micronutrients and disease resistance is less clear. A number of studies have indicated that Cr supplementation may improve cell-mediated and humoral immune response as well as resistance to respiratory infections in stressed cattle. With respiratory-disease challenge models Cr generally does not affect disease resistance. Deficiencies of Cu, Se, vitamin E and Co in cattle reduce the ability of isolated neutrophils to kill yeast and/or bacteria. Cu deficiency reduces antibody production, but cell-mediated immunity is generally not altered. However, Cu deficiency appears to reduce production of interferon and tumour necrosis factor by mononuclear cells. Numerous studies have linked low vitamin E and/or Se status to increased susceptibility of dairy cows to intramammary infections. In contrast to findings in laboratory animals, marginal Zn deficiency does not appear to impair antibody production or lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogen stimulation in ruminants. Co deficiency has been associated with reduced resistance to parasitic infections. It is well documented that vitamin A-deficient animals are more susceptible to various types of infections. β-Carotene, possibly via its antioxidant properties, may affect immune function and disease resistance independent of its role as a precursor of vitamin A.

scholarly journals Effects of gamma-irradiation on the vitamin content of diets for laboratory animals

1969 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie E. Coates ◽  
J. E. Ford ◽  
Margaret E. Gregory ◽  
S. Y. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Vitamin Content ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Chick Diet

Practical-type diets for chicks, guinea-pigs and cats, and a chick diet of purified ingredients, were assayed for their vitamin content before and after gamma-irradiation at doses ranging from 2 to 5 Mrad. Irradiation of guinea-pig and chick diets resulted in small losses of vitamin A (in this investigation, 6 and 12 per cent respectively). Losses of vitamin E were larger (24 and 65 per cent) but were much less (11 per cent) when the diets were vacuum-packed before irradiation. Vitamins were less stable in the purified chick diets, the most susceptible being vitamins A, E, B6 and thiamine. Vitamin destruction was greatly increased when antioxidants were incorporated into this diet, and also when its moisture content was high. Vitamin A and β-carotene were almost completely destroyed in the cat diet, where there was also some loss of thiamine and folic acid.

scholarly journals Role of antioxidants in electro catalysis of cytochrome P450 3A4

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.V. Shumyantseva ◽  
A.A. Makhova ◽  
T.V. Bulko ◽  
E.V. Shich ◽  
V.G. Kukes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Catalytic Current ◽  
Electrochemical Approach ◽  
Electro Catalysis ◽  
Clinical Experiments

The electrochemical analysis of cytochrome Р450 3А4 catalytic activity has shown that vitamins C, A and Е influence on electron transfer and Fe3+/Fe2+ reduction process of cytochrome Р450 3А4. These data allow to assume possibility of cross effects and interference of vitamins-antioxidants with drugs metabolised by cytochrome Р450 3А4, at carrying out of complex therapy. This class of vitamins shows antioxidant properties that lead to increase of the cathodic current corresponding to heme reduction of this functionally significant haemoprotein. Ascorbic acid of 0.028-0.56 mM concentration stimulates cathodic peak (an electrochemical signal) of cytochrome Р450 3А4. At the presence of diclofenac (Voltaren) - a typical substrate of cytochrome Р450 3А4 - the increase growth of a catalytic current testifying to an electrocatalysis and stimulating action of ascorbic acid is observed. In the presence of vitamins A and Е also is registered dose-dependent (in a range of 10-100 M) increase in a catalytic current of cytochrome Р450 3А4: the maximum increase corresponds to 229 ± 20% for 100 M of vitamin A, and 162±10% for 100 M of vitamin E. Vitamin E in the presence of P450’s inhibitor itraconazole doesn't give essential increase in a reductive current, unlike retinol (vitamin A). This effect can manifest substrate properties of tocopherol (vitamin E). The electrochemical approach for the analysis of catalytic activity of cytochrome Р450 3А4 and studies of influence of biologically active compounds on an electrocatalysis is the sensitive and effective sensor approach, allowing to use low concentration of protein on an electrode (till 10-15 mol/electrode), to carry out the analysis without participation of protein redox partners, and to reveal drug-drug or drug-vitamins interaction in pre-clinical experiments.

scholarly journals Effect of vitamin A deficiency on the immune response to epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice (EDIM) rotavirus infection in mice

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faruk Ahmed ◽  
David B. Jones ◽  
Alan A. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Deficient Group

The effect of vitamin A deficiency on the immune response to epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice (EDIM) rotavirus was studied in mice. The virus was given by oral dosing or by intraperitoneal injection. For oral challenge, weanling mice were fed on either a control or vitamin A-deficient diet ad lib. or pair-fed the control diet to the intake of the vitamin A-deficient group. A fourth group was fed on the vitamin Adeficient diet ad lib. for 10 weeks and then refed the control diet for 2 weeks. On day 77, mice were each given 30 μl EDIM rotavirus orally and the animals were killed and examined 1 week later. The delayedtype hypersensitivity (DTH) response to picryl chloride was measured as an index of cell-mediated immunity. For intraperitoneal challenge, weanling mice were fed on either the control diet or the vitamin A-deficient diet ad lib. or pair-fed the control diet to the intake of the vitamin A-deficient group. On day 77, mice were each injected intraperitoneally with 30 μl EDIM rotavirus and 1 week later antibody production was measured. In both experiments the body-weight, liver and serum vitamin A levels of the vitamin A-deficient group were significantly lower than the control or pair-fed groups. Following oral dosing the serum antibody levels specific to rotavirus were statistically significantly lower in vitamin Adeficient animals than the control or pair-fed groups. Vitamin A-deficient mice also showed an impaired DTH response compared with the control and pair-fed animals. Animals refed vitamin A for a short period showed a partial restoration of the antibody response. Following intraperitoneal challenge no statistically significant changes were observed in the serum antibody levels between any of the dietary groups. It is concluded that vitamin A deficiency impaired antibody production when rotavirus was given orally. Vitamin A deficiency also impaired cell-mediated immunity.

scholarly journals Vitamin A status is associated with T-cell responses in Bangladeshi men

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 797-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaikh M. Ahmad ◽  
Marjorie J. Haskell ◽  
Rubhana Raqib ◽  
Charles B. Stephensen
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Isotopic Dilution ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Normal Vision ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Vitamin A Status

Recommendations for vitamin A intake are based on maintaining liver stores of ≥ 0·070 μmol/g, which is sufficient to maintain normal vision. We propose that higher levels may be required to maintain normal immune function. To test this hypothesis, we conducted an 8-week residential study among thirty-six healthy Bangladeshi men with low vitamin A stores. Subjects were randomised to receive vitamin A (240 mg in four doses) or placebo during study weeks 2 and 3. Vitamin A stores were estimated by isotopic dilution at week 8. Total T-cells, the naive T-cells:memory T-cells ratio and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation were positively and significantly correlated with vitamin A stores (P < 0·05). Mitogen-stimulated IL-2, IL-4 and TNFα increased significantly (P < 0·05) in the vitamin A but not placebo group after supplementation, while IL-10 production was significantly and negatively correlated with vitamin A stores (P < 0·05). Segmented linear regression analysis revealed that naive T-cell counts and T-cell blastogenesis were positively associated with vitamin A stores above but not below 0·070 μmol/g liver. These data show that increasing vitamin A stores above the level that maintains normal vision enhances some measures of T-cell-mediated immunity, suggesting a difference in requirements for maintaining vision and immune function.

scholarly journals Feeding the immune system

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip C. Calder
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Immune Competence ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies

A well-functioning immune system is key to providing good defence against pathogenic organisms and to providing tolerance to non-threatening organisms, to food components and to self. The immune system works by providing an exclusion barrier, by identifying and eliminating pathogens and by identifying and tolerating non-threatening sources of antigens, and by maintaining a memory of immunological encounters. The immune system is complex involving many different cell types distributed throughout the body and many different chemical mediators some of which are involved directly in defence while others have a regulatory role. Babies are born with an immature immune system that fully develops in the first few years of life. Immune competence can decline with ageing. The sub-optimal immune competence that occurs early and late in life increases susceptibility to infection. Undernutrition decreases immune defences, making an individual more susceptible to infection. However, the immune response to an infection can itself impair nutritional status and alter body composition. Practically all forms of immunity are affected by protein–energy malnutrition, but non-specific defences and cell-mediated immunity are most severely affected. Micronutrient deficiencies impair immune function. Here, vitamins A, D and E, and Zn, Fe and Se are discussed. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue is especially important in health and well-being because of its close proximity to a large and diverse population of organisms in the gastrointestinal tract and its exposure to food constituents. Certain probiotic bacteria which modify the gut microbiota enhance immune function in laboratory animals and may do so in human subjects.

scholarly journals Chemical stability of oil-infused polyethylene

2020 ◽  
pp. 088532822097735
Author(s):  
Fedra P Zaribaf ◽  
Harinderjit S Gill ◽  
Elise C Pegg
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Chemical Stability ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Thermal Ageing ◽  
Similar Process ◽  
Mechanical Degradation ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
Thermally Treated

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) can be made radiopaque for medical imaging applications through the diffusion of an iodised oil-based contrast agent (Lipiodol Ultra Fluid). A similar process is used for Vitamin E incorporated polyethylene which provides antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the critical long-term properties of oil-infused medical polyethylene after 4 weeks of accelerated thermal ageing. Samples treated with an oil (Vitamin E or Lipiodol) had a higher oxidation stability than currently used medical grade polyethylene, indicated by a smaller increase in oxidation index after ageing (Vitamin E + 36%, Lipiodol +40%, Untreated +136%, Thermally treated +164%). The tensile properties of oil treated polyethylene after ageing were significantly higher than the Untreated and Thermally treated controls (p<0.05) indicating less mechanical degradation. There was also no alteration in the percentage crystallinity of oil treated samples after ageing, though the radiopacity of the Lipiodol treated samples reduced by 54% after ageing. The leaching of oil with time was also investigated; the leaching of Lipiodol and Vitamin E followed the same trend and reached a steady state by two weeks. Overall, it can be concluded that the diffusion of an oil-based fluid into polyethylene not only increases the oxidative and chemical stability of polyethylene but also adds additional functionality (e.g. radiopacity) providing a more suitable material for long–term medical applications.

scholarly journals Vitamin A and E Homologues Impacting the Fate of Acrylamide in Equimolar Asparagine-Glucose Model System

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 993
Author(s):  
Su Lee Kuek ◽  
Azmil Haizam Ahmad Tarmizi ◽  
Raznim Arni Abd Razak ◽  
Selamat Jinap ◽  
Maimunah Sanny
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Linear Regression Model ◽  
Model System ◽  
Concentration Increase ◽  
Acrylamide Formation ◽  
Β Carotene

This study aims to evaluate the influence of Vitamin A and E homologues toward acrylamide in equimolar asparagine-glucose model system. Vitamin A homologue as β-carotene (BC) and five Vitamin E homologues, i.e., α-tocopherol (AT), δ-tocopherol (DT), α-tocotrienol (ATT), γ-tocotrienol (GTT), and δ-tocotrienol (DTT), were tested at different concentrations (1 and 10 µmol) and subjected to heating at 160 °C for 20 min before acrylamide quantification. At lower concentrations (1 µmol; 431, 403, 411 ppm, respectively), AT, DT, and GTT significantly increase acrylamide. Except for DT, enhancing concentration to 10 µmol (5370, 4310, 4250, 3970, and 4110 ppm, respectively) caused significant acrylamide formation. From linear regression model, acrylamide concentration demonstrated significant depreciation over concentration increase in AT (Beta = −83.0, R2 = 0.652, p ≤ 0.05) and DT (Beta = −71.6, R2 = 0.930, p ≤ 0.05). This study indicates that different Vitamin A and E homologue concentrations could determine their functionality either as antioxidants or pro-oxidants.

scholarly journals CFTR Modulator Therapy with Lumacaftor/Ivacaftor Alters Plasma Concentrations of Lipid-Soluble Vitamins A and E in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 483
Author(s):  
Olaf Sommerburg ◽  
Susanne Hämmerling ◽  
S. Philipp Schneider ◽  
Jürgen Okun ◽  
Claus-Dieter Langhans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Pancreatic Insufficiency ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Vitamin ◽  
Hypervitaminosis A ◽  
Cholesterol Ratio ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins

Rationale: Cystic fibrosis (CF), caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, leads to impaired pancreatic function and therefore reduced intestinal absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins especially in patients with CF developing pancreatic insufficiency (PI). Previous studies showed that CFTR modulator therapy with lumacaftor-ivacaftor (LUM/IVA) in Phe508del-homozygous patients with CF results in improvement of pulmonary disease and thriving. However, the effects of LUM/IVA on plasma concentration of the lipid soluble vitamins A and E remain unknown. Objectives: To investigate the course of plasma vitamin A and E in patients with CF under LUM/IVA therapy. Methods: Data from annual follow-up examinations of patients with CF were obtained to assess clinical outcomes including pulmonary function status, body mass index (BMI), and clinical chemistry as well as fat-soluble vitamins in Phe508del-homozygous CF patients before initiation and during LUM/IVA therapy. Results: Patients with CF receiving LUM/IVA improved substantially, including improvement in pulmonary inflammation, associated with a decrease in blood immunoglobulin G (IgG) from 9.4 to 8.2 g/L after two years (p < 0.001). During the same time, plasma vitamin A increased significantly from 1.2 to 1.6 µmol/L (p < 0.05), however, levels above the upper limit of normal were not detected in any of the patients. In contrast, plasma vitamin E as vitamin E/cholesterol ratio decreased moderately over the same time from 6.2 to 5.5 µmol/L (p < 0.01). Conclusions: CFTR modulator therapy with LUM/IVA alters concentrations of vitamins A and vitamin E in plasma. The increase of vitamin A must be monitored critically to avoid hypervitaminosis A in patients with CF.

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