Fossil-Fuel-Derived CO2 Contribution to the Urban Atmosphere in Guangzhou, South China, Estimated by 14CO2 Observation, 2010–2011

From October 2010 to November 2011, the urban atmospheric CO2 concentration in Guangzhou ranged from 550 to 460 ppm, with mean monthly concentration fluctuating between 530 and 470 ppm. A lower concentration was observed in summer and autumn, while a higher concentration occurred in spring and winter. The urban atmospheric CO2 δ13C value varied between −9.00 and −13.10%, with mean monthly value fluctuating between −9.60 and −11.80%. There was no significant relationship between the CO2 concentration and δ13C value, reflecting the influence from the fossil-fuel-derived CO2 on the urban atmospheric CO2. The urban atmospheric CO2 Δ14C value fluctuated dramatically from 29.1 ± 2.5% to −85.2 ± 3. 1%, with a mean annual value of −16.4 ± 3.0%. A similar seasonal variation of Δ14C value with the concentrations was observed: the higher Δ14C values mainly appeared in summer and autumn (July to September), with a mean value of about −5.2 ± 2.9%, while lower Δ14C values occurred in spring and winter (December to April), about −27.1 ± 3.2% average. Based on the atmospheric Δ14C values, the calculated fossil-fuel-derived CO2 concentrations range between 1 and 58 ppm, with the mean annual concentration around 24 ppm. Similarly, a lower fossil-fuel-derived CO2 concentration appeared in summer and autumn (July to September) with a mean value of ∼17 ppm, while the higher fossil-fuel-derived CO2 concentration occurred in spring and winter (December to April) with an average value of ∼29 ppm. A comparison of the CO2 concentrations before and after the Guangzhou Asian Games (in November 2010) and the Spring Festival of 2011 confirmed that human activities can greatly decrease the fossil-fuel-derived CO2 emissions to the urban atmosphere in Guangzhou.

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PENGARUH LATIHAN AEROBIK TERHADAP FORCED VITAL CAPACITY (FVC)PRIA DEWASA DENGANOVERWEIGHT

Jurnal e-Biomedik ◽

10.35790/ebm.1.1.2013.1624 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ester Florencia Sagay ◽

Hedison Polii ◽

Herlina I. S. Wungouw

Keyword(s):

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Forced Vital Capacity ◽

Vital Capacity ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Mean Value ◽

Average Value ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Post Test ◽

The Mean

Abstract: Changes to respiratory function due to regular aerobic exercise will affect the value of pulmonary function, especially in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). This research aimed to determine the effect of aerobic exercise on FVC overweight male students of Unsrat Medical Faculty. This research is analytic with design experimental, one group pre and post test design. The sampling technique used is non-purposive sampling technique. The research sample was taken from the students of the Faculty of Medicine 2009, Univercity of Sam Ratulangi who fulfill the inclusion criteria. Some 32 students were selected as research subjects. After giving informed consent, FVC measurement was done with the spirometer. After it was measured, they were given treatmen in the form aerobic exercise using a stationary bike for three weeks with frequency of exercise three times a week and exercise intensity for 30 minutes. We measured again FVC values after the exercise three times program. Normality test data showed significance for FVC value before treatment by 0.752, and after treatment by 0.912. Comparison of the average value before and after exercise were tested by using a paired test. Significant value for FVC is P = 0.084, means there is no significant difference between FVC values before and after exercise (P> 0.05). The mean FVC was 3.88 before treatment and after treatment the mean value was 4.00, an increase in the average value of 0.11. Conclusion:Aerobic Exercise on a regular basis using a stationary bike on the overweight male student can improve lung function in particular the mean FVC but there was no significant difference from the mean value. Keywords: FVC, Aerobic Exercise, Overweight. Abstrak: Perubahan fungsi pernapasan karena latihan aerobik secara teratur akan mempengaruhi nilai fungsi paru khususnya Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan aerobik terhadap FVC mahasiswa pria Fakultas Kedokteran Unsrat dengan berat badan lebih.Penelitian ini bersifat analitik dengan rancangan eksperimental one grup pre and post test design. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik non purposive sampling. Sampel penelitian diambil dari Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi Angkatan 2009.Sejumlah 32 orang mahasiswa terpilih sebagai subjek penelitian dan dilakukan pengukuran FVC dengan Spirometer.Setelah itu diberikan perlakuan berupa latihan aerobik menggunakan sepeda statis selama tiga minggu dengan frekuensi latihan tiga kali seminggu dan intensitas latihan selama 30 menit.Selanjutnya dilakukan pengukuran kembali nilai FVC sesudah program latihan.Uji normalitas data menunjukkan nilai signifikansi untuk FVC sebelum perlakuan sebesar 0.752, dan sesudah perlakuan sebesar 0.912. Perbandingan nilai rata rata sebelum dan sesudah latihan diuji dengan menggunakan uji t berpasangan.Nilai signifikan untuk FVC adalah P = 0.084, berarti tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara nilai FVC sebelum dan sesudah latihan (P > 0.05) .Nilai rerata FVC sebelum pelakuan adalah 3,88 dan nilai rerata sesudah perlakuan adalah 4,00, terjadi penigkatan nilai rerata sebesar 0,11.Simpulan:Latihan Aerobik menggunakan sepeda statis secara teratur dapat meningkatkan nilai rerata fungsi paru khususnya FVC tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna dari nilai rerata tersebut. Kata Kunci: FVC, Latihan Aerobik, Berat Badan Lebih (Overweight).

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Perbedaan Pengetahuan Siswa Tentang Penyakit Hepatitis A Sebelum Dan Sesudah Penyuluhan Di MTsN 02 Bondowoso Tahun 2015

Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan ◽

10.32831/jik.v4i2.85 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Putri Megasari

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis A ◽

Hepatitis Virus ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Mean Value ◽

Test Design ◽

The World ◽

Before And After ◽

Post Test ◽

The Mean ◽

Paired T Test

Hepatitis has become a health problem in the world. The hepatitis virus infected many people. According to the teacher of MTsN 02 Bondowoso more than 20 students have hepatitis A viral infection. The purpose of this research was to know the differences of students' knowledge about hepatitis A before and after counseling in MTsN 02 Bondowoso 2015. This study used pre-experimental (pre-post test design). This study used stratified random sampling technique, 127 students from 270 sample involved this research,and 143 students was excluded. We used questionnaires to collect data. The results showed that the mean value of the students 'knowledge about hepatitis A before counseling in MTsN 02 Bondowoso 2015 was 83.96 with the lowest value of 37.5 and the highest value was 100. The mean value of the students' knowledge about hepatitis A after counseling in MTsN 02 Bondowoso 2015 was 93.21 with the lowest value waf 62.5 and the highest value was 100. Paired t test showed that t (-9.07) > t table (1.98), the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected. There was a difference between students' knowledge about hepatitis A before and after counseling in MTsN 02 Bondowoso 2015. This study showed that routine counseling by healthcare provider was important to prevent hepatitis A infection.; Keywords: counseling, knowledge of students, hepatitis

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Quality of life of obstetrics fistula patients before and after surgical repair in the Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia

BMC Women s Health ◽

10.1186/s12905-021-01360-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tilahun Fufa Debela ◽

Zerihun Asefa Hordofa ◽

Aster Berhe Aregawi ◽

Demisew Amenu Sori

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Surgical Repair ◽

Obstetric Fistula ◽

Medical Center ◽

Mean Value ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

The Mean ◽

Jimma University

Abstract Background The consequences of obstetric fistula on affected women are more than the medical condition. It has extensive physical, psychological, social, and economic consequences on them. Obstetric fistula affects the entire health and entire life of women. Women suffering from obstetric fistula are often abandoned by her partner, relatives, and the community. This study aimed to determine the quality of life of obstetrics fistula patients before and after surgical repair. Methods Institutional-based prospective, before and after study design was conducted in the Jimma University Medical Center from November 1, 2019–October 30, 2020. A face-to-face interview was conducted with fistula patients who visited Jimma University Medical center, fistula clinic during the study period. All fistula patients were included in the study. Accordingly, 78 women who underwent surgical repair were interviewed. The means and the standard deviation were computed using conventional statistics formulas. The unpaired t-test was used to compare two independent means, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the quality of life before repair and after a successful repair. Linear regression analysis was done for identifying determinants of quality of life. A P value of 0.05 will be considered statistical significance. Result The overall quality of life of women was 58.17 ± 7.2 before the surgical repair and 71.20 ± 10.79 after surgical repair. The result indicates there is a significant difference in the mean value of pre and post-operative (P < 0.001). The overall satisfaction of women with their health status before the surgical repair was 22.5 ± 1.30and it has increased to 53.0 ± .90after surgical repair. The physical health dimension score was 16.51 ± 5.27 before the surgical repair while it has increased to 21.77 ± 5.38 after the surgical repair. The score of the social domain before the surgical repair was 5.19 ± 1.34 and it has increased to 7.13 ± 3.67 after the surgical repair. The score of the environmental health domain was 17.41 ± 2.89 before the surgery while it also increased to 21.65 ± 4.04 after the surgical repair. The results have shown there was a significant difference in the mean values of pre and post-operatives in both social and environmental scores (P < 0.001). The score of the psychological health domain before the surgery was 19.06 ± 1.46 and it was increased to 19.84 ± 3.21 after the surgical repair. The result showed there is a significant difference in mean value pre and post-operative (P = 0.048), though it is a slight improvement compared to other domains. Conclusion The overall quality of life of the patient with fistula was improved after successful surgical repair. Although all domains of quality of life had shown significant improvement after successful surgical repair, the psychological domain showed slight improvement.

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Effect of Tea Tree Oil on Improvement of Hair Damage

Asian Journal of Beauty and Cosmetology ◽

10.20402/ajbc.2021.0179 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 333-342

Author(s):

Ju-Sub Kim

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Color Difference ◽

Mean Value ◽

Tea Tree Oil ◽

Tea Tree ◽

Natural Extracts ◽

Hair Samples ◽

Before And After ◽

L Value ◽

The Mean

Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the effects of tea tree oil on damaged hair.Methods: A texture-improving agent was produced by adding different dosages of tea tree oil (i.e., 0, 2, 4, and 6 g) on sample hair. Comparative analysis was conducted by measuring the effects of the agent before and after application to sample hair bleached into level 8. To examine changes in hair brightness, L* value was measured using a color difference meter. In addition, to determine the effects of the agent on damaged hair, the study measured tensile strength, absorbance using methylene blue, and hair gloss.Results: The mean L* value for each sample increased for healthy hair but decreased in the 8L samples. Analysis indicates that the healthy hair, 8L(4) sample, and 8L(6) samples pointed to significant results. The mean value for tensile strength increased for all healthy and 8L hair samples after application. Specifically, the 8L(4) and 8L(6) samples displayed significant results. In terms of absorbance, the mean value decreased for all healthy and 8L hair samples after application. Moreover, hair gloss values increased for samples applied with the agent containing tea tree oil. Specifically, the 8L(2), 8L(4), and 8L(6) samples exhibited increased values after application.Conclusions: The results confirm the effects of tea tree oil on damaged hair in terms of improvements in terms of tensile strength, absorbance, and gloss. The study recommends that further research on the effects of various oils and natural extracts on damaged hair is necessary in terms of improving other hair characteristics and using more samples.

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Late Pleistocene-Recent Atmospheric δ13C Record in C4 Grasses

Radiocarbon ◽

10.1017/s0033822200064936 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 263-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Laurence J. Toolin ◽

Christopher J. Eastoe

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuel ◽

Secular Trend ◽

Ice Cores ◽

Mean Value ◽

Herbarium Specimens ◽

C4 Grasses ◽

Polar Ice ◽

Fossil Fuel Burning ◽

Fuel Burning ◽

The Mean

Samples of Setaria species from packrat middens, herbarium specimens and modern plants preserve a record of δ13C of atmospheric CO2 from 12,600 BP to the present. No secular trend is detected between 12,600 and 1800 BP, when the mean value of δ13C during that period was −6.5 ± 0.1‰ (the error is the standard deviation of the mean). Our value agrees with δ13C averages of pre-industrial CO2 from polar ice cores, and differs significantly from modern regional (-8.2 ± 0.1‰) and global (-7.7‰) values, which are higher because of fossil fuel burning.

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Anticoagulation in Cardiopulmonary Bypass

10.1055/s-0039-1680714 ◽

1977 ◽

Author(s):

C. Thomas Kisker ◽

John A. Young ◽

Donald B. Doty ◽

Barbara J. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽

Antithrombin Iii ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Mean Value ◽

Clotting Time ◽

Excessive Bleeding ◽

Safe Level ◽

Activated Clotting Time ◽

Before And After ◽

The Mean

Prolonging the activated clotting time (ACT) 2 to 3 times normal is said to provide a “safe” level of anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. To test this level of anticoagulation 9 monkeys were anticoagulated with heparin at the start of cardiopulmonary bypass so that ACT’s ranged from 201 sec to > 1000 sec (normal 91 sec). ACT, platelet count (P), fibrinogen (F), and fibrin monomer (FM) were measured at 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes during bypass. Antithrombin III (AT3) was measured before and after bypass. Six monkeys developed increased FM indicating active coagulation beginning from 10 to 60 minutes on bypass. ACT’s were > 200 sec in all animals at the time of FM detection. P fell below 100,000/mm3 in the 6 animals with elevated FM, but remained above 100,000/mm3 in the other 3 animals. The mean value of AT3 (69%) decreased to 24.4% after bypass in the 6 animals with elevated FM, but was 61% after bypass in the others. Scanning electron microscopy of the oxygenator membranes showed significant amounts of fibrin on the membranes used in monkeys who developed increased FM levels, but not on those with normal FM concentrations. F decreased from 167 mgm/dl to 80.5 mgm/dl in monkeys with elevated FM and to 117 mgm/dl in those with normal FM concentrations. Excessive bleeding did not occur in the animals without increased FM although ACT’s were in excess of 1000 sec. Subsequently three human subjects on cardiopulmonary bypass whose ACT’s were maintained above 400 sec have not shown increased FM levels. The results suggest that prolonging the ACT more than 2 - 3 times normal is required to prevent activation of clotting during cardiopulmonary bypass.

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TRUNK BALANCE EXERCISE LEBIH BAIK DARI PADA STRENGTHENING BACK EXERCISE DALAM MENINGKATKAN KESEIMBANGAN KINERJA OTOT ERECTOR SPINE PADA PEMAIN FUTSAL PEMULA

Sport and Fitness Journal ◽

10.24843/spj.2017.v05.i03.p16 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Yusuf Nasirudin ◽

Dewa Putu Gde Purwa Samatra ◽

Wahyuddin ◽

Susy Purnawati ◽

Ni Made Linawati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hypothesis Test ◽

Mean Value ◽

The Body ◽

Average Value ◽

Balance Exercise ◽

Strengthening Exercise ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Trunk Balance ◽

The Mean ◽

Better Than

In the game of futsal, work of postural muscle balance needed to maintain the stability of the body for receiving the pass and put the ball into the other team's goal at the time of attack, changing the direction of movement quickly when returning to their respective positions and avoid of back disorder. This research is a form of experimental research that will test the effectiveness of the provision of trunk balance exercise is better than the strengthening of back exercises to improve muscle work balance of erector spine on futsal beginner players, in this study sample will be divided into two groups, the first group will be given trunk balance exercise to improve balance of erectorspine muscles work in futsal begginer players, the second group will be given back strengthening exercise to improve balance of erectorspine muscles work in futsal begginer players.This study was conducted for 6 weeks and the intervention performed 18 times during the study period. Samples measured by surface electromyography to measure work of right and left erector muscle by calculating the proportion of the work on the muscle, the measurement is performed at before the intervention and then intervention in accordance with the grouping which has been divided and then after completion of the intervention, the samples will be re-measured to obtain the value of the intervention.The results of the first group who has been given of trunk balance exercise shows the average value of the before treatment (83.82 ± 2.94) % and the mean value of the after treatment (96.74 ± 2.39) %, and in the second group who has been given strengthening back exercise shows the mean value of the before treatment (88.29 ± 1.89) % and the mean value after treatment (95.91 ± 1.75) %, with the probability value of both groups is 0.000 (p <0.05), and can be expressed there is a significant difference between both groups. In the fourth hypothesis test conducted comparative results of both groups, using independent samples t-test using mean value of the first and second groups, in the first group (12.92 ± 2.94) %, and the second group (7.61 ± 2.12) %, with a probability value 0.000 (p<0.05) and can be expressed in statistical analysis is no significant difference between both treatments were carried out and that means, giving trunk balance exercise is better than back strengthening exercise to improve balance of erector spine muscles work on futsal beginner players.

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The analysis of temperature fluctuations by pulse-counting techniques

Journal of Fluid Mechanics ◽

10.1017/s002211205900060x ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 261-271 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. A. Townsend

Keyword(s):

Time Derivative ◽

Temperature Fluctuations ◽

Mean Value ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Mean Values ◽

Average Value ◽

Electrical Pulses ◽

The Mean ◽

The Stability ◽

Better Than

To determine experimentally the mean value of a randomly fluctuating quantity, it may be necessary to measure the average value over a considerable interval of time. This problem arose in a recent study of the temperature fluctuations over a heated horizontal plate, and a system was used that depended on the counting of electrical pulses generated at a rate proportional to the quantity being measured. The advantage of this technique is that mean values may be measured over time intervals of almost unlimited length with little added difficulty for the experimenter. Circuits are described which measure: (a) the mean square of a fluctuating quantity and of its time-derivative, (b) the statistical distribution of the fluctuations, (c) the mean frequency of the fluctuation assuming a particular value, and (d) the mean product of two fluctuating quantities. Over the range of use, the stability and linearity of the calibrations is better than 1%, more than sufficient for work on natural convection. In its present form, the equipment responds uniformly to all frequencies below 100 c/s, but it would not be difficult to extend this range of response to higher frequencies.

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Semen characteristics of breeding bulls at the Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm of Bangladesh

Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.3329/bjas.v41i1.11968 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

ME Hossain ◽

MM Khatun ◽

MM Islam ◽

OF Miazi

Keyword(s):

Sperm Concentration ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Dairy Farm ◽

Mean Value ◽

Cattle Breeding ◽

Bull Semen ◽

Before And After ◽

The Mean ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

The experiment was conducted on 97 breeding bulls at the central cattle breeding and dairy farm, Savar, Dhaka to find out the physical and chemical properties of different bull semen. Out of 97 bulls, 9 were Local (L), 9 were Friesian (F), 13 were Sahiwal (SL), 12 were Local×Friesian (L×F), 10 were Sahiwal×Friesian (SL×F), 26 were Local×Friesian×Friesian (LF1×F), 18 were Local×Friesian× Friesian×Friesian (LF2×F) bulls. The semen of different crossbred and local bulls was examined for ejaculate volume, concentration, pH and motility percent of sperm before and after freezing. It was observed that, the maximum average ejaculate was obtained from SL×F and the mean value was 12.9 ml. However, the minimum average ejaculate was obtained from LF×F and the mean value was 7.4 ml. Before freezing, the maximum average sperm concentration was obtained from SL and the mean value was 1858.4 million/ml. The minimum average sperm concentration was obtained from LF1×F and the mean value was 1286.6 million/ml. The maximum average pH was obtained from LF2×F and the mean value was 6.5. The maximum average motility was obtained from SL and the mean value was 68.8%. However, the minimum average motility was obtained from L×F and the mean value was 63.7%. After freezing, sperm concentration, pH and motility reduced substantially irrespective of type of breed. It could therefore be inferred that freezing of semen should be undertaken with special care to maintain optimum semen quality.http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i1.11968

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EVALUASI PERAN PENDIDIKAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN PADA SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN

10.31219/osf.io/pdta8 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Eko Prasetyo

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Significant Influence ◽

Entrepreneurship Education ◽

Entrepreneurial Intention ◽

Mean Value ◽

Questionnaire Data ◽

Research Subjects ◽

Average Value ◽

Entrepreneurial Attitude ◽

The Mean

The research aims to measure the effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE), entrepreneurial attitude (EA), and entrepreneurial intention (EI) towards entrepreneurship education. The research subjects were all students of SMK Negeri Tempursari. Research conducted is a population study with a total of 187 students. The research instrument used a questionnaire. Data analysis used the MANOVA technique. The results of the study were: (1) The mean value of the ESE, EA, and EI of students who have received entrepreneurship education is higher when compared to the average value of students who have not received entrepreneurship education; and (2) EA and EI have no significant effect between students who have received entrepreneurship education and students who have not received entrepreneurship education. While in the ESE aspect there is a significant influence between students who have received entrepreneurship education and students who have not received entrepreneurship education.

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