Wage Labor and Mobility in Colonial Eritrea, 1880s to 1920s

2014 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 89-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Bellucci ◽  
Massimo Zaccaria
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor History ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Wage Labor ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Military Recruitment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractMobility and wage labor are two key variables that help to explain some of the complexities of the labor history of colonial Eritrea. Focusing on the initial period of Italian colonization, between the 1880s and 1920s, this article analyzes the relationship between the two above-mentioned variables. Based on previously unexplored archival sources and documents, the authors conclude that wage labor did contribute to the mobility of workers throughout the region (and not vice versa). In the period under consideration, Eritrea did not become a settler colony, despite Italy's initial efforts to import a national labor force. Instead, through a mix of capital investments in construction and transport, and increasing military recruitment, the Italian regime contributed significantly to an increase in free wage labor in the region. Within a year of Italy's 1911 invasion of Libya, it needed to reinforce its colonial army. From 1912 onward, in return for wages, tens of thousands of Eritreans entered the Italian colonial army to fight on the Libyan front. This military employment left voids in the local labor market, which were filled by people from neighboring countries, particularly Ethiopians and Yemenis. A relationship thus developed and continued between mobility and wage labor.

Contemporary Perspectives on Labor History in India

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chitra Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor History ◽  
Work Culture ◽  
Labor Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Law ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Opening Up

A resurgence of writings on labor in India in the 1990s occurred in a context when many scholars in the Anglo-American world were predicting the end of labor history. Over the last three decades, historical writing on labor in India has pushed old boundaries, opened up new lines of inquiry, unsettling earlier assumptions and frameworks. Teleological frames that saw industrialization leading to modernization were critiqued starting in the 1980s. Since then, historians writing on labor have moved beyond simple binaries between notions of the pre-modern/modern workforce to critically examine the conflictual processes through which histories of labor were shaped. With the opening up of the field, a whole range of new questions are being posed and old ones reframed. How do cultural formations shape the specificity of the labor force? How important are kinship, community, and caste ties in the making of working class lives and work culture? What defines the peculiarities of different forms of work at different sites: plantations and mines, factories and domestic industries, the “formal” and the “informal” sectors? What were the diverse ways in which work was regulated and workers disciplined? What were the ritual and cultural forms in which workers negotiated the conditions of their work? How does the history of law deepen an understanding of the history of labor? Studies on mobility and migration, on law and informality, on culture and community, on everyday actions and protest have unraveled the complex interconnections—global and local—through which the lives of labor are made and transformed.

The Expansion of the Labor Market in Capitalist Russia: 1861–1917

1961 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaston V. Rimlinger
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Wage Labor ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Early Stages

Anyone interested in the historical anlysis of the emergence of a wage labor force in the early stages of industrialization will find much of interest in Rashin's study of the Russian case. The value of this study, an expansion and elaboration of a work published in 1940, lies in both over-all and sector estimates of the growth and composition of the work force, and in detailed data on specific aspects of the movement from the land to the factory.

scholarly journals Territorial Cults in West-Congo: Vanished or Transformed?

Afrika Focus ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hein Vanhee
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Working Hypotheses

This paper discusses some of the key issues in my current research on the history of the relationship between society, tradition and Christianity in the west of Congo-Kinshasa over the last century. My focus here is on the process of progressive transformation of the nineteenth-century territorial cults and the structural continuity which is apparent in the development of the Congolese Christian church in the area. In presenting some of my working hypotheses I am suggesting that after an initial period of open hostility towards the first missionaries, BaKongo became aware - 'empirically' as it were - of the fact that new ways were to be explored in order to compete with the challenges of Western colonialism and the forces of modernity and globalisation. In this regard, the history of religious life in West Congo can be described as a progressive attempt to regain control over the relations between human society and the supernatural world. KEY WORDS: African Christiantity, Central Africa, religion, territorial cults 

The Relationship Between Portrayals of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury, Attitudes, Knowledge, and Behavior

Crisis ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 324-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Radovic ◽  
Penelope Hasking
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nonsuicidal Self Injury

Background: The high prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among young people has prompted research into why this may be a chosen coping strategy. One possibility is that the behavior is modeled from media depictions. Aims: The study examined the relationship between viewing films featuring NSSI and an individuals’ knowledge, attitudes toward, and engagement in NSSI. Method: 317 individuals (18–30 years) completed an online survey measuring these key variables. Results: Exposure to NSSI in film was related to history of NSSI; an even stronger relationship emerged when individuals identified with the character. Films increase knowledge and empathy toward those engaging NSSI, but they may also serve to trigger NSSI. Conclusions: Portrayal of NSSI in film could be designed to minimize imitation and to consider the potential to increase knowledge of NSSI among those with little exposure to the behavior. However, because films may also trigger NSSI, further work is needed to determine under what circumstances, and for which individuals, films exert a protective or harmful effect.

Women’s Labors in Industrial and Postindustrial America

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Boris ◽  
Lara Vapnek
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Labor History ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Women's Clubs ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ethnic Associations ◽  
The Relationship

Feminist struggles for better jobs and rights at work shaped women’s labor history, a project that proclaimed that the history of work and workers was incomplete without understanding the relationship between unpaid domestic labor and employment. Despite the uneven trajectory of women’s labor in a diverse nation, three major themes characterize the history of gender, work, and capitalist development. First, the persistent power of gender on the structure of work meant that employers and policymakers classified women’s labor as unskilled, supplemental, and an extension of women’s “natural” roles as wives and mothers. Second, women’s calls for dignity and improved wages and working conditions included ethnic associations, women’s clubs, and mixed-sex and women-only unions. Third, state policies offered some women protection but made few strides toward equity, which would require acknowledging women’s differential family responsibilities and establishing decent standards for all workers, including those employed in households and in agriculture.

The Labor Force in Meiji Economic Growth: A Quantitative Study of Yamanashi Prefecture

1966 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arlon Tussing
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Wage Labor ◽  
Advanced Country ◽  
Large Enterprise ◽  
Employment Relationships ◽  
Family Enterprise ◽  
History Of

Economic development and “modernization” have certain universal consequences for the structure and organization of the labor force. The history of each advanced country shows a shift of population out of agriculture and the replacement of family enterprise and particularistic employment relationships by large enterprise and wage labor. But the pace and completeness of these inevitable changes have varied widely among different countries.

scholarly journals Territoriale Culten in West-Congo: Verdwijning of Transformatie?

Afrika Focus ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Hein Vanhee
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Working Hypotheses

Territorial Cults in West-Congo: Vanished or Transformed? This paper discusses some of the key issues in my current research on the history of the relationship between society, tradition and Christianity in the west of Congo-Kinshasa over the last century. My focus here is on the process of progressive transformation of the nineteenth-century territorial cults and the structural continuity which is apparent in the development of the Congolese Christian church in the area. In presenting some of my working hypotheses I am suggesting that after an initial period of open hostility towards the first missionaries, BaKongo became aware – ‘empirically’ as it were – of the fact that new ways were to be explored in order to compete with the challenges of Western colonialism and the forces of modernity and globalisation. In this regard, the history of religious life in West Congo can be described as a progressive attempt to regain control over the relations between human society and the supernatural world.

Analyzing the Relationship between Annual Labor-Market Experiences and Labor-Force Positions

2001 ◽  
pp. 119-149
Author(s):  
Clifford C. Clogg ◽  
Scott R. Eliason ◽  
Kevin T. Leicht
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
The Relationship

The Potential of College Completion: How Disability Shapes Labor Market Activity Differentially by Educational Attainment and Disability Type

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
Erin J. McCauley
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Market Activity ◽  
Intervention Point ◽  
Linear Probability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Labor Market Activity

I conducted a descriptive analysis of how disability shapes labor market activity differentially by educational attainment and disability type using the American Community Survey, 2015 ( N = 1,504,947) and linear probability models. Having a disability is associated with a decrease in the probability of labor force participation (proportion of those employed or seeking employment; [Formula: see text]) and employment (proportion of those in the labor market who are employed; [Formula: see text]. When differentiated by disability type, education moderates the relationship between disability and labor force participation for all disability types. However, education only moderates the relationship between disability and employment for those with cognitive-, physical-, and mobility-related disabilities (not sensory or self-care). Having a bachelor’s degree is associated with a 30.68% higher probability of labor force participation and a 26.84% higher probability of employment among those in the labor force than having some college, indicating higher education may be a pivotal intervention point. The relationships between disability and labor force participation and disability and employment vary by disability type, as does the role of education.

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