NEUROECONOMICS, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND THE COMMON CURRENCY HYPOTHESIS

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Landreth ◽  
John Bickle
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Dopamine Release ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Currency ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Electrophysiological Methods

We briefly describe ways in which neuroeconomics has made contributions to its contributing disciplines, especially neuroscience, and a specific way in which it could make future contributions to both. The contributions of a scientific research programme can be categorized in terms of (1) description and classification of phenomena, (2) the discovery of causal relationships among those phenomena, and (3) the development of tools to facilitate (1) and (2). We consider ways in which neuroeconomics has advanced neuroscience and economics along each line. Then, focusing on electrophysiological methods, we consider a puzzle within neuroeconomics whose solution we believe could facilitate contributions to both neuroscience and economics, in line with category (2). This puzzle concerns how the brain assigns reward values to otherwise incomparable stimuli. According to the common currency hypothesis, dopamine release is a component of a neural mechanism that solves comparability problems. We review two versions of the common currency hypothesis, one proposed by Read Montague and colleagues, the other by William Newsome and colleagues, and fit these hypotheses into considerations of rational choice.

The Dioptrique

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Ott
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brain Image ◽  
Brain Motion ◽  
Natural Geometry ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain

Descartes’s treatment of perception in the Optics, though published before the Meditations, contains a distinct account of sensory experience. The end of the chapter suggests some reasons for this oddity, but that the two accounts are distinct is difficult to deny. Descartes in the present work topples the brain image from its throne. In its place, we have two mechanisms, one purely causal, the other inferential. Where the proper sensibles are concerned, the ordination of nature suffices to explain why a given sensation is triggered on the occasion of a given brain motion. The same is true with regard to the common sensibles. But on top of this purely causal story, Descartes re-introduces his doctrine of natural geometry.

scholarly journals Analytical Comparison of Two Emotion Classification Models Based on Convolutional Neural Networks

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Huiping Jiang ◽  
Demeng Wu ◽  
Rui Jiao ◽  
Zongnan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Transform ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Eeg Signal ◽  
Classification Models ◽  
Emotion Classification ◽  
Common Space ◽  
Average Classification Accuracy ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain

Electroencephalography (EEG) is the measurement of neuronal activity in different areas of the brain through the use of electrodes. As EEG signal technology has matured over the years, it has been applied in various methods to EEG emotion recognition, most significantly including the use of convolutional neural network (CNN). However, these methods are still not ideal, and shortcomings have been found in the results of some models of EEG feature extraction and classification. In this study, two CNN models were selected for the extraction and classification of preprocessed data, namely, common spatial patterns- (CSP-) CNN and wavelet transform- (WT-) CNN. Using the CSP-CNN, we first used the common space model to reduce dimensionality and then applied the CNN directly to extract and classify the features of the EEG; while, with the WT-CNN model, we used the wavelet transform to extract EEG features, thereafter applying the CNN for classification. The EEG classification results of these two classification models were subsequently analyzed and compared, with the average classification accuracy of the CSP-CNN model found to be 80.56%, and the average classification accuracy of the WT-CNN model measured to 86.90%. Thus, the findings of this study show that the average classification accuracy of the WT-CNN model was 6.34% higher than that of the CSP-CNN.

Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs

1964 ◽  
Vol 248 (744) ◽  
pp. 53-134 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type Material ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
New Information ◽  
Restricted Sense ◽  
The Common ◽  
A New Species

The osteology of Ornithosuchus is described in some detail. This study is largely based on material discussed by previous workers, but also takes into account specimens hitherto undescribed. It is considered that the species O. taylori Broom 1913 is invalid, being based on larger individuals of the form previously named O. woodwardi by Newton (1894). Furthermore, evidence is presented to show that specimens previously described by Huxley (1877) and Walker (1961) as Dasygnathus longidens are also referable to Ornithosuchus . It is concluded that but one species is present in the material, the correct name for which is Ornithosuchus longidens (Huxley). At least eleven individuals are present with skulls ranging from about 50 to 450 mm in length. Observations on the smaller members of this series suggest that changes in the shape and proportions of the skull took place with growth in a similar manner to those seen in living crocodiles. In the light of new information concerning the osteology of Ornithosuchus it is considered that this reptile is a primitive carnosaur, occupying a position very close to the ancestry of the Jurassic and Cretaceous members of this group. An examination of descriptions and figures of Triassic reptiles referred by von Huene (1932) and later authors to the Carnosauria has led to the conclusion that the great bulk of this material is more properly allocated to the Prosauropoda, and that the only Triassic carnosaurs known at the present time, apart from Ornithosuchus , are Teratosaurus and Sinosaurus , these two names being here used in a restricted sense. It is suggested that Ornithosuchus is close to the common ancestry of both the Megalosauridae and the Tyrannosauridae, and the derivation of the skull patterns of these forms from that of Ornithosuchus is discussed. Additional fenestrations marginal to the preorbital fossa and in the surangular of advanced carnosaurs are held to be related to the development of the pterygoid musculature rather than to the need to lighten the skull. In the course of a brief review of the Carnosauria the view is put forward that Acrocanthosaurus is a Lower Cretaceous representative of the tyrannosaur group, using this term in a broad sense, and is perhaps related to the Cenomanian Spinosaurus and the Wealden Altispinax . As a result of examination of English megalosaurian material, the name Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis gen. et sp.nov. is proposed for the Oxford specimen previously known as ‘ Streptospondylus’ cuvieri , and Metriacanthosaurus gen.nov. for Megalosaurus parkeri . The incomplete cranium from Dives figured by Piveteau (1923) is made the type of a new species, E. divesensis , to which certain other carnosaurian material from Normandy is provisionally allocated. Following Chakravarti (1935), the endoskeletal elements included by Matley (1923) in the type material of the Indian nodosaur Lametasaurus are held to belong to one or other of the two carnosaurs Indosuchus and Indosaurus, but the numerous scutes are not thought to be carnosaurian and the name Lametasaurus is here restricted to them. It is suggested that Indosuchus from the ? Turonian is a tyrannosaund. On the other hand Ceratosaurus and Proceratosaurus are regarded as coelurosaurs. A modified classification of the Infra-order Carnosauria is given, in which two main groups are recognized; Superfamily Megalosauroidea to include the Megalosauridae, and Superfamily Tyrannosauroidea to include the Ornithosuchidae (restricted), Spinosauridae and Tyrannosauridae.

scholarly journals Development of Incomes and Expenditures in Slovak Households

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Zuzana Lazíková
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Common Currency ◽  
Savings Rate ◽  
The Common ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The household income is one of the basic indicators of the human living standard in the countries or their regions. The indicator of income is very closely connected to the indicator of expenditures, which completes the view of the living standard of households. During the last two decades, there were some important events that have influenced the development of household incomes and expenditures in Slovakia, such as accession of the Slovak Republic into the EU, adoption of the common currency euro or economic crisis as well. In the last years, the net incomes as well as the net expenditures of the Slovak households have increased. According to the results, this trend will continue; however, the net expenditures will increase faster than the net incomes of households. Therefore, we can expect that the savings rate will decrease. On the other hand, the differences of net household income and expenditures among the regions of Slovakia were not eliminated. There is still a high difference of the net household income mainly between the Bratislava region and the Prešov region.

The Currency of deniers tournois in Frankish Greece

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 38-59
Author(s):  
D. M. Metcalf
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Currency ◽  
Charles I ◽  
Aegean Islands ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Common ◽  
Charles Ii

The base silver deniers of the type from Tours which in the thirteenth century were the common currency of large parts of France served as the model for the later coinage of Frankish Greece. From the mid-thirteenth century onwards, for more than a hundred years, deniers tournois were the standard coin of Attica, Bœotia, the Peloponnese, and some of the Aegean islands. They were struck in very large numbers by the princes of Achaia and the dukes of Athens, and in smaller quantities by the rulers of several other territories. Three examples are illustrated in Fig. 1 d–ƒ, from which it can be seen that the design of all the coins was virtually identical, except for the names of the issuing authorities and of the places of mintage. On one side was a cross, and on the other the so-called ‘castle of Tours’, really a degenerated version of the design of a ninth-century coin showing a Christian temple (see Fig. 1a). There is a long series of Achaian coins bearing the names of Prince William of Villehardouin, Charles I king of Naples, Charles II, Prince Florent, Isabel, Philip of Savoy, Philip of Taranto, Louis, Maud, John, and Robert. Their dates of issue can therefore be readily determined. Most of the Athenian coins are from the reigns of William and Guy II de la Roche.

Vulnerabilities to addiction must have their impact through the common currency of discounted reward

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-439
Author(s):  
George Ainslie
Keyword(s):  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Currency ◽  
Motivational Theory ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Common ◽  
Dopaminergic Stimulation

AbstractThe ten vulnerabilities discussed in the target article vary in their likelihood of producing temporary preference for addictive activities – which is the phenomenon that puzzles conventional motivational theory. Direct dopaminergic stimulation, but probably not the other vulnerabilities, may contribute to the necessary concavity of addicts' delay discounting curves, as may factors that the senior author analyzes elsewhere. Whatever their origins, these curves can themselves account for temporary preference, sudden craving, and the “automatic” habits discussed here.

Economics and politics of the currency convergence: The case of Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz W. Kolodko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Common Currency ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
Economics And Politics

Of the 11 post-socialist states that have already become European Union members only five have joined the common currency Eurozone. The other six, including Poland, the region’s largest economy, have, pursuant to accession treaties, the right and obligation to adopt euro as their currency. They fail to exercise their right and meet their obligation, which has both causes and consequences. These are economic and political in nature and that is why there is no certainty about how the situation will evolve in future. However, from both of those perspectives, and especially for economic reasons, Eastern European EU members should join the Eurozone, as the resulting benefits, not only for Poland, significantly outweigh the conversion costs. Thus, new countries, especially Poland, adopting euro would have a positive impact on the European integration process, which is experiencing a serious structural, institutional and political crisis.

Toward semiotic sociology: A synthesis of semiology, semiotics and phenomenological sociology

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risto Heiskala
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Common View ◽  
Phenomenological Sociology ◽  
The Common ◽  
Action Theories

Departing from the common view according to which structuralist semiology (the Saussurean tradition), pragmatist semiotics (the Peircean tradition) and phenomenological sociology (Husserl, Schutz, Berger and Luckmann, Garfinkel) are seen as mutually exclusive alternatives, the article attempts to outline their synthesis. The net result of the synthesis is that a conception emerges wherein action theories (rational choice, Weber, etc.) are based on phenomenological sociology, and phenomenological sociology is based on neo-structuralist semiotics, which is a synthesis of the Saussurean and the Peircian traditions of understanding habits of interpretation and interaction. This provides us with a research programme for semiotic sociology.

Cosmopolitan Politesse

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-99
Author(s):  
Nigel Rapport
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Georg Simmel ◽  
Public Address ◽  
Common Humanity ◽  
Class A ◽  
The Common ◽  
Cultural Reality ◽  
Individual Human

In an earlier work (Anyone: The Cosmopolitan Subject of Anthropology, 2012), I considered a solution to the ‘problem’ of society as identified by Georg Simmel. The fact that we only come to know the interactional ‘Other’ by way of distortion, by virtue of the imposition of alien and alienating labels, categories and taxonomies, Simmel (1971) described as ‘tragic’ (cf. Rapport 2017). We distort the Other’s identity when we ‘know’ them in the conventional and collectivising terms of a symbolic classification of cultural reality. In response, I argued for a linguistic and behavioural style of public address and exchange, and an ethos of good manners, that I termed ‘cosmopolitan politesse’. This was an interactional code by which we presumed the common humanity and the distinct individuality of whomsoever we engaged with, but classified the Other in no more substantive fashion than this. We accepted that in our social interactions we were engaging with an individual human other – ‘Anyone’ – and not with a representative of some more substantive class: ‘a woman’, ‘a Swede’, ‘a Jew’, someone ‘working class’, ‘primitive’ or ‘pious’, and so on.

The use and abuse of taxonomy

Legal Studies ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelvin FK Low
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Professor ◽  
Untimely Death ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common

The late Professor Birks made an immense contribution to the study and development of the common law in devising his taxonomy, derived from the Roman classification of Justinian's Institutes. The utility of the taxonomy has always been the subject of controversy and its value has been increasingly questioned since his untimely death. Some of the criticisms are undoubtedly valid but it is seriously arguable that the pendulum has swung too far in the other direction. This paper seeks to highlight the common abuses of the taxonomy and demonstrate that, even taking account of its limitations, the taxonomy continues to be a useful device for our study and development of the common law.

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