NEGOTIATION AND ORAL ACQUISITION OF L2 VOCABULARY

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
María José de la Fuente
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Lexical Acquisition ◽  
Word Retention ◽  
Vocabulary Comprehension ◽  
Negotiated Interaction ◽  
L2 Vocabulary ◽  
Positive Effect

This experimental study investigates the differential effects of three conditions (nonnegotiated premodified input, negotiation without “pushed output” [Swain, 1985], and negotiation plus pushed output) on L2 learners' vocabulary comprehension and acquisition (receptive and productive). Analyses of variance performed on the data indicated that: (a) negotiated interaction had a positive effect on the comprehension of L2 words; (b) only negotiated interaction that incorporated pushed output appeared to have promoted both receptive and productive acquisition of words as well as an increase in productive word retention; and (c) negotiated interaction plus output did not promote receptive acquisition more than negotiation without output, but it was more effective in promoting productive acquisition. The findings of this study provide empirical evidence for the important role of negotiation in facilitating the comprehension and acquisition of L2 vocabulary, which suggests that output plays a key role within the negotiation process for productive lexical acquisition.

THE RETRIEVABILITY OF L2 ENGLISH MULTIWORD ITEMS IN A CONTEXT OF STRONGLY FORM-FOCUSED EXPOSURE

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Seth Lindstromberg ◽  
June Eyckmans
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Vocabulary Learning ◽  
Semantic Variable ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
Production Research ◽  
L2 Vocabulary ◽  
Focus On Forms ◽  
Positive Effect

Although retrieval of lexical forms is a prerequisite for language production, research of L2 vocabulary learning has focused much more on meanings and form-meaning mappings than on development of detailed, accessible mental representations of forms. This is particularly true with respect to multi-word items (MWIs). We report an experimental study involving a variety of intra-lexical, usage-based, and interlingual co-determinants of L2 vocabulary learnability pertaining to MWIs. Each learner (N = 60) encountered a randomly allocated set of 26 two-word MWIs (Nsets = 4) semi-randomly drawn from a larger pool of MWIs. Learners were asked to remember either the 13 MWIs showing the form variable assonance (e.g., change shape) or the 13 nonassonant control MWIs (e.g., sound good). Posttests of form recall revealed a large, durable effect of the focusing task in combination with forewarning of testing. Except when MWI concreteness (a semantic variable) was high, assonance had a positive effect on retrievability in recall tests given after delays of 15 minutes and one week. There was a consistent effect of the semi-semantic variable Mutual Information. Even in the context of a strong focus on forms, form variables are not the only variables that matter.

scholarly journals belief on the law of karma moderates the effect of idealism and professional commitment on the ethical decisions of tax consultants

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 175-183
Author(s):  
Ni Made Vinayanthi ◽  
Made Gede Wirakusuma ◽  
Herkulanus Bambang Suprasto ◽  
I G A M Asri Dwija Putri
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Professional Commitment ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Law ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Research Analysis

Ethical decision is a decision that is both legally and morally that can be accepted by the wider community. The importance of ethical decisions is taken in solving problems experienced effectively, so that decisions taken do not violate applicable norms and can be accepted by the wider community. The purpose of this study is to find out and obtain empirical evidence about the role of belief in the law of karma in moderating the influence of idealism and professional commitment to the ethical decisions of tax consultants. The population in this study are all registered tax consultants in the Province of Bali. This research analysis technique uses Moderate Regression Analysis (MRA). Based on the results of the analysis it was found that idealism has a positive effect on the ethical decisions of tax consultants. Professional commitment has a positive effect on the ethical decisions of tax consultants. Belief in the law of karma reinforces the influence of idealism on the ethical decisions of tax consultants. Belief in the law of karma reinforces the influence of professional commitment on the ethical decisions of tax consultants.

Effects of Non-negotiated Pre-modified Input, Negotiation of Input without Output, and Negotiation of Input plus Pushed Output on EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Learning

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Adult Students ◽  
Vocabulary Learning ◽  
Production Test ◽  
Female Adult ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
The Mean ◽  
L2 Vocabulary ◽  
Positive Effect

This experimental study investigated the comparative effects of non-negotiated pre-modified input, negotiation of input without output, and negotiation of input plus pushed output on EFL learners’ comprehension and production.  Before starting the study, forty-three male and female adult students at intermediate level took the Preliminary English Test (PET) and 30 of the students who scored one standard deviation above and below the mean score in the PET were randomly assigned to three experimental groups. The whole treatment took 10 sessions and, after the treatment, two sets of tests were administered; i.e., one written and the other oral. Analysis of Variance on comprehension test and analysis of nonparametric alternative, i.e., Kruskal-Wallis test, on production test, indicated that (a) negotiation had a positive effect on the comprehension and production of targeted L2 vocabulary items and (b) negotiation of input plus pushed output did not promote production of L2 vocabulary more than negotiation of input without output. The findings of this study provide empirical evidence on the important role of negotiation in facilitating comprehension and production of targeted L2 vocabulary items.

scholarly journals Investigating the Effect of Top-Down and Bottom- up Processing on Iraqi EFL Learners’ Comprehension of Vocabulary

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-60
Author(s):  
Asst. Inst. Farah Hafedh Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Word List ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Comprehension Skills ◽  
Vocabulary Comprehension ◽  
L2 Vocabulary

This paper investigates the role of bottom-up and top-down processing of Iraqi EFL learners’ vocabulary comprehension. The researcher conducts two vocabulary tests to university level students. The first test is the Academic Word List test that is used to assess bottom- up vocabulary comprehension while the second one is the Academic Vocabulary Size test that is employed to assess learners’ top-down vocabulary comprehension abilities and to find out whether proficient learners make use of the top-down approach to understand a specific lexical item more than the bottom-up approach. Analysis of the test scores reveals that the bottom-up group slightly outperforms the top-down group. The researcher concludes that employing a specific approach, whether top-down or bottom- up, depends on the level of proficiency and the nature of L2 vocabulary acquisition. The results also refute the aforementioned hypothesis of the study i.e. proficient learners make use of the top-down approach to understand a specific lexical item, while poor learners depend more on the bottom up approach to figure out the meaning of a given lexical item. The study further concludes that Iraqi EFL learners need an intensive and adequate training in top-down processing and bottom up processing to develop their comprehension skills.

scholarly journals RENT NEGOTIATION BETWEEN COMMERCIALS AND LANDLORDS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 296-307
Author(s):  
Dorsaf Kouki ◽  
◽  
Houda Zarrad ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Social ◽  
Positive Effect

The emergence of the coronavirus crisis has generated unexpected negative effects for most companies, specifically small enterprises. The objective of this research is to examine the effect of this pandemic on the rental negotiation process between commercials and landlords. Based on an in-depth literature review on negotiation and the phenomenon of the crisis, a quantitative study is carried out with a sample of 396 Tunisian respondents to validate our measurement model. The empirical results show that the integrative arrangement has a positive effect on the negotiation process, with a mediating role of the mediation variable. The latter exerts in turn, a positive effect on the social psychological result of the competitor. These findings led to a rich discussion and a set of managerial recommendations that can help commercials to respond more effectively to the challenges generated by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Learning nouns and verbs in a foreign language: The role of gestures

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANA B. GARCÍA-GÁMEZ ◽  
PEDRO MACIZO
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Vocabulary Learning ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
L2 Learning ◽  
Meaningless Gestures ◽  
L2 Vocabulary ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

ABSTRACTWe evaluated the impact of gestures on second language (L2) vocabulary learning with nouns (Experiment 1) and verbs (Experiment 2). Four training methods were compared: the learning of L2 words with congruent gestures, incongruent gestures, meaningless gestures, and no gestures. Better vocabulary learning was found in both experiments when participants learned L2 words with congruent gestures relative to the no gesture condition. This result indicates that gestures have a positive effect on L2 learning when there is a match between the word meaning and the gesture. However, the recall of words in the incongruent and meaningless gesture conditions was lower than that of the no gesture condition. This suggests that gestures might have a negative impact on L2 learning. The facilitation and interference effects we found with the use of gestures in L2 vocabulary acquisition are discussed.

scholarly journals The Role of Good Corporate Governance in Enhancing the Performance of Village Credit Institutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
I Gede Cahyadi Putra ◽  
I Ketut Sunarwijaya ◽  
I Gusti Ngurah Bagus Gunadi
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Good Corporate Governance ◽  
Saturated Sample ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Credit Institutions

Good corporate governance is corporate governance that explains the relationship between all interested parties in a regulated and organized business. The principles of good corporate governance should be also applied by village credit institutions to improve their performance. This research aims to examine and obtain empirical evidence of the influence of good corporate governance principles, including transparency, accountability, responsibility, independence, and fairness, on the performance of village credit institutions in Blahbatuh District. This study involved 36 samples of village credit institutions with 108 respondents, determined by saturated sample techniques. The data were analyzed by multiple linear regression after instruments and classical assumption testings. The results showed that the principles of good corporate governance have a positive effect on the performance of village credit institutions in Blahbatuh District.

Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeshan Ali ◽  
Zhenbin Wang ◽  
Rai Muhammad Amir ◽  
Shoaib Younas ◽  
Asif Wali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

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