Injection, Ignition, and Combustion in High–Speed Heavy–Oil Engines

1931 ◽  
Vol 35 (250) ◽  
pp. 928-970
Author(s):  
S. J. Davies ◽  
E. Giffen
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Oil ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
Injection Type ◽  
Ignition And Combustion ◽  
Almost All

Although there is one successful high–speed heavy-oil engine employing aif injection, it will not be disputed that the present rapid development of this type of internal combustion engine would not have taken place if a high-pressure air-compressor were an essential accessory. It is perhaps well to emphasise that from the beginning designers of engines of the pure “compression-ignition” type have striven after airless injection of the fuel, the first successful application in this connection being that of Sir James McKechnie, of Vickers, Ltd., in 1910. Subsequent development work by Professor Hawkes and others under the Admiralty brought this method to practical success on submarine engines, and it is interesting to note that as late as 1920 almost all experience with airless injection had been gained in this country.Engines which are the lineal descendants of these early engines, namely, those in which the fuel is injected directly into a combustion chamber of simple form, and known conveniently as the “direct–injection” type, constitute an important section of those engines working successfully at high speeds.

Local fuel concentration, ignition and combustion in a stratified charge spark combustion in a stratified charge spark ignited direct injection engine: Spectroscopic, imaging and pressure-based measurements

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Fansler ◽  
M. C. Drake ◽  
B Stojkovic ◽  
M. E. Rosalik
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Stratified Charge ◽  
Fuel Concentration ◽  
Spark Gap ◽  
Ignition And Combustion

A recently developed spark emission spec-troscopy technique has been used to measure the effects of fuel injection timing, spark timing and intake swirl level on the individual-cycle fuel concentration at the spark gap in a wall-guided spark ignited direct injection (SIDI) engine. The fuel-concentration measurements were made simultaneously with measurements of individual-cycle spark discharge energy and cylinder pressure. Endoscopic imaging of the fuel spray and high-speed imaging of combustion (both broadband and spectrally resolved) augment these quantitative data. For optimum engine operation, the fuel-air equivalence ratio at the spark gap just after spark breakdown is rich on average (〈φ〉 ≈1.4–1.5) and varies widely from cycle to cycle (∼25 per cent). The evolution with crank angle of the mean equivalence ratio and its cycle-to-cycle fluctuations are correlated with the cylinder pressure, heat release and imaging data to provide insights into fuel transport and mixture preparation that are important to understanding and optimizing ignition and combustion in SIDI engines. For example, causes of misfires and partial burns have been determined.

Flow field measurements in an optically accessible, direct-injection spray-guided internal combustion engine using high-speed PIV

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. R. Müller ◽  
B. Böhm ◽  
M. Gleißner ◽  
R. Grzeszik ◽  
S. Arndt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Internal Combustion

scholarly journals Ignition and combustion development for high speed direct injection diesel engines under low temperature cold start conditions

Fuel ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 1556-1566 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.V. Pastor ◽  
J.M. García-Oliver ◽  
J.M. Pastor ◽  
J.G. Ramírez-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cold Start ◽  
Ignition And Combustion

scholarly journals Influence of nozzle geometry on ignition and combustion for high-speed direct injection diesel engines under cold start conditions

Fuel ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 3359-3368 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Desantes ◽  
J.M. García-Oliver ◽  
J.M. Pastor ◽  
J.G. Ramírez-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engines ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cold Start ◽  
Nozzle Geometry ◽  
Ignition And Combustion

Investigation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of VCR Engine by Using Ceramic Coating on the Piston Crown with Using Methanol Fuel

2016 ◽  
Vol 854 ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Thirunavukkarasu ◽  
A. Vadivel ◽  
R. Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Alcohol ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Low Thermal Expansion

The world faces the energy demand, exaggerated crude rates and reduce of fuel resources. Methanol has been considered as an alternate fuel. . The current study takes out an experiment of using methanol in VCR engine. They are blended with diesel at various mixing ratios. The results of methyl alcohol works in engine were checked in an exceedingly single cylinder, direct injection, water cooled and high speed VCR internal combustion engine at varied engine load with constant engine speed of 1500rpm conjointly we tend to mistreatment the limit coated piston with MgO-ZrO2 and Al2O3-13%TiO2 to investigation on performance and emission characteristics. The limit coating materials has low thermal conduction, low thermal expansion and high young’s modules. The influences of blends on CO, CO2, HC, NOX were investigated by emission tests. The brake thermal efficiency of mix M20 was found on top of diesel. The emissions of smoke, hydro carbon and chemical element oxides of methyl alcohol blends were on top of that of diesel. However the CO2 emission is higher once we compare with diesel.

Numerical Study on Renewable and Sustainable Fuels for HPDF Engines

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie G. Frankl ◽  
Alexander D. Gelner ◽  
Stephan Gleis ◽  
Martin Härtl ◽  
Georg Wachtmeister
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers ◽  
Pilot Fuel ◽  
Ignition And Combustion ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Main Influence ◽  
Sustainable Fuels

Abstract Renewable and sustainable fuels (based on electricity) will play a key role in future scenarios for power supply. Enabling storage and distribution of local and temporal fluctuations of renewable energies, different e-fuels with varying production processes and characteristics get interesting for different locations. For reconversion of the chemical energy, a fuel-flexible internal combustion engine with a High Pressure Dual Fuel (HPDF) combustion process is suitable for different e-fuels. As the combustion process is the main influence on emissions, combustion behavior of the studied fuels hydrogen, methane, methanol and ammonia, ignited by the pilot fuels Fischer-Tropsch diesel and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME), is investigated in varying fuel pairings. In addition, a review of production efficiencies and important characteristics like toxicity and storage method is given. Afterwards, the application of the investigated fuels in HPDF-combustion is investigated. The investigations are conducted with a numerical 3D-CFD model of a large bore high speed single cylinder research engine. The differences in ignition and combustion when using diesel or OME as pilot fuel are shown and a comparison of the emissions for the used main fuels is given.

Mass loss and blunting during high-speed penetration

2004 ◽  
Vol 218 (9) ◽  
pp. 1053-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
R N Davis ◽  
A M Neely ◽  
S E Jones
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Sliding Friction ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Target Strength ◽  
Velocity Dependence ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
Coefficient Of Sliding Friction ◽  
Penetration Data

A new analytical model of high-speed friction was developed to account for the observed velocity dependence in sliding friction at high speeds and was successfully applied to the analysis of data previously reported by Jones et al. for a number of concrete penetration tests using ogive-nose projectiles of high-strength steel alloy. The model permitted very consistent predictions of penetrator performance and target strength based on the experimental data. The subsequent development by Davis et al. of a stepwise incremental approximation to the velocity-dependent coefficient of sliding friction simplified the implementation of the model, while preserving the quality of the linear approximation to the assumed velocity dependence in sliding friction at high speeds. The stepwise function further led to an engineering model for mass loss, neglecting the effects of blunting, which successfully related the work done by friction to the mass loss due to surface melting of the nose. In this paper, a generalized dimensionless nose equation is developed, allowing these results to be applied to geometries other than the ogival case. Furthermore, the effects of blunting and progressive mass loss from the nose are incorporated into the existing model of high-speed penetration and applied to the analysis of previously reported penetration data. By incorporating changing nose mass and geometry due to frictional wear, the performance characteristics of steel alloys and selected nose geometries can be better evaluated, and the processes governing high-speed penetration and mass loss better understood. Given penetrator material, impact velocity and target properties, it is also possible to predict the performance of various nose geometries.

Vacuum System to Minimize the Specimen Contamination of High-Performance EM

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
N. Yoshimura ◽  
K. Shirota ◽  
T. Etoh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Pump System ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Diffusion Pump ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Cascade Type

One of the most important requirements for a high-performance EM, especially an analytical EM using a fine beam probe, is to prevent specimen contamination by providing a clean high vacuum in the vicinity of the specimen. However, in almost all commercial EMs, the pressure in the vicinity of the specimen under observation is usually more than ten times higher than the pressure measured at the punping line. The EM column inevitably requires the use of greased Viton O-rings for fine movement, and specimens and films need to be exchanged frequently and several attachments may also be exchanged. For these reasons, a high speed pumping system, as well as a clean vacuum system, is now required. A newly developed electron microscope, the JEM-100CX features clean high vacuum in the vicinity of the specimen, realized by the use of a CASCADE type diffusion pump system which has been essentially improved over its predeces- sorD employed on the JEM-100C.

A Statistical Study of Process Variables to Optimize a High Speed Curtain Coater: Part I

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEEYUSH TRIPATHI ◽  
MARGARET JOYCE ◽  
PAUL D. FLEMING ◽  
MASAHIRO SUGIHARA
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Statistical Study ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Air Removal ◽  
Removal System

Using an experimental design approach, researchers altered process parameters and material prop-erties to stabilize the curtain of a pilot curtain coater at high speeds. Part I of this paper identifies the four significant variables that influence curtain stability. The boundary layer air removal system was critical to the stability of the curtain and base sheet roughness was found to be very important. A shear thinning coating rheology and higher curtain heights improved the curtain stability at high speeds. The sizing of the base sheet affected coverage and cur-tain stability because of its effect on base sheet wettability. The role of surfactant was inconclusive. Part II of this paper will report on further optimization of curtain stability with these four variables using a D-optimal partial-facto-rial design.

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