2. On the Formation of Buds and Roots by the Leaves of the Ipecacuan Plant (Cephaelis Ipecacuanha)

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ◽

10.1017/s037016460002928x ◽

1875 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 108-110

Author(s):

Balfour

Keyword(s):

Botanic Garden ◽

Indian Government ◽

Rapid Propagation ◽

Mode Of Transmission ◽

Cephaelis Ipecacuanha

The rapid propagation of Ipecacuan in India is an object of importance, and as such has occupied the attention of the Indian Government. The Edinburgh Botanic Garden has contributed largely to the stock of Ipecacuan plants now in cultivation in India. The plan of sending cuttings of the roots or rather rhizomes enveloped in moss has been very successful. We have been able in 1873 to send these cuttings in small boxes through the post. Dr Henderson, the present interim Director of the Botanic Garden at Calcutta, reports most favourably of this plan. He carried out to Calcutta in 1872 small boxes 8 inches by 2, containing germinating rhizomes of Ipecacuan, and roots of Jalap. These are now thriving under his charge. This mode of transmission will save much trouble and anxiety, and will insure an easy and rapid propagation of the plants. We may expect thus to secure for India a large supply of this invaluable remedy for dysentery.

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5. On the Fruiting of the Ipecacuan Plant (Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, Rich.) in the Royal Botanic Garden

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ◽

10.1017/s0370164600042929 ◽

1872 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 688-691 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Balfour

Keyword(s):

Royal Botanic Garden ◽

Botanic Garden ◽

Cephaelis Ipecacuanha

The cultivation of the Ipecacuan plant in this country has received an impetus from the demand on the part of his Grace the Duke of Argyll, for a large supply of fresh plants for India. The object of the India office is to cultivate the plant extensively, and thus prevent the evils which might arise from scarcity of a drug which is so important in the treatment of dysentery. The risk of such an occurrence is due to the mode in which the plant is gathered in Brazil, and the want of care in preserving it. A similar fate threatens Ipecacuan as that which has occurred in the case of Cinchona.

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COVID 19 Pandemic; A Review on Understanding the Mode of Transmission and Application of Strategies to Delay/Stop Transmission with Special Reference to India

The Open Public Health Journal ◽

10.2174/1874944502114010140 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 140-144

Author(s):

Sameer Singhal ◽

Prachi Singhal ◽

Amit Mittal ◽

B K Agarwal ◽

MahalaquaNazli Khatib ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Close Contact ◽

Face Mask ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Definitive Treatment ◽

Metallic Surfaces ◽

Early Screening ◽

Indian Government ◽

Management Board ◽

Modes Of Transmission ◽

Mode Of Transmission

Background: SARS CoV-2 has globally affected more than 31 hundred thousand population with more than 2 hundred thousand deaths till date, since its inception from Wuhan, China in December 2019. World is still clueless regarding definitive treatment for this highly contagious disease. Till then we have to rely on time tested methods to delay/stop transmission of this viral disease by observing social isolation, hand hygiene and wearing face mask. Objective: The main objective of this review paper is to focus on different modes of transmission of this virus, comparison of this virus with previous similar analogy viral diseases like SARS and MERS and different strategies that can be planned or are ongoing to reduce/delay transmission of this virus in community contacts, especially in context to India. Methods: PUBMED, Google Scholar and BioRxiv search was performed with keywords; COVID- 19, mode of transmission, infection, India, BCG. Around 538 eligible papers were evaluated from time period of January 1 to 29 April 2020 and results were summarized Results: On analysis of different papers on mode of transmission it was found that this virus is highly contagious and spreads through air droplet, close contact, through fomites and different metallic surfaces and through aerosol in surroundings with high aerosol generating procedures only. Also, it can spread both in asymptomatic and symptomatic phase equally so early testing is essential. Also, it is mutating in different host environments so it is imperative to include different strains in vaccine preparation. Conclusion: Results demonstrate the fact that early screening, social distancing, isolation of symptomatic patients, respiratory etiquette are the main armaments presently to deal with this virus till effective treatment or vaccine becomes available in the near future. Furthermore, we would like to suggest the Indian government to create a National Viral Disease Management Board on lines of National Tuberculosis Elimination program to prevent and control such viral outbreaks in future.

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1. On Dimorphic Flowers of Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, the Ipecacuan Plant

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ◽

10.1017/s0370164600043078 ◽

1872 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 763-764 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Balfour

Keyword(s):

Botanic Garden ◽

Secretary Of State ◽

Root Cutting ◽

Cephaelis Ipecacuanha ◽

Underground Stem

I have reported already to the Society (p. 688) the results of the cultivation of the Ipecacuan plant in the Botanic Garden, and its successful propagation by Mr M'Nab by root-cutting. By this means it has been sent in considerable quantity to Calcutta, under the direction of the Secretary of State for India. From the Garden at Kew, in 1863, a plant was sent out to Dr King, and of late he has been successful in propagating it by cuttings of the stem above ground. So that from both sources there seems to be every prospect of the plant being extensively cultivated in India, the climate of which in many places is favourable for its growth. The so-called root of the Ipecacuan may be said to be composed of a sort of underground stem capable of producing leaf-buds, as well as true roots.

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XXVI.—Remarks on the Ipecacuan Plant (Cephaëlis Ipecacuanha, Rich.), as cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh

Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ◽

10.1017/s008045680002562x ◽

1872 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 781-788 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John Hutton Balfour

Keyword(s):

Royal Botanic Garden ◽

Botanic Garden ◽

Botanical Society ◽

Secretary Of State ◽

Cephaelis Ipecacuanha

The Ipecacuan plant, Cephaëlis Ipecacuanha of Achille Richard, has been cultivated in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden for upwards of forty years, but it was not propagated to any extent until 1870, when a proposal was made to attempt the cultivation of the plant in India. This suggestion was made on account of the continued destruction of the plant by the collectors in Brazil, and the risk of scarcity in the supply of this most valuable remedy for dysentery. The Secretary of State for India (His Grace the Duke of Argyll), under the recommendation of several medical officers in Bengal, authorised an attempt to propagate the plant in our Indian possessions, and with that view application was made to me and others to aid in this important undertaking. Accordingly, I at once set about the propagation of the plant in the Edinburgh Garden, with the assistance of Mr M'Nab the curator. He found that the plant could be multiplied very rapidly by dividing the annulated root, cuttings of which, though very small, give off young shoots when placed in favourable circumstances. By this means, numerous plants were produced very rapidly, and the method was also followed by the Messrs Lawson, Nurserymen, Edinburgh, who supplied a large stock of vigorous plants. Mr M'Nab drew up a report of his mode of propagation, which was printed, and distributed extensively to district officers in India and elsewhere. The paper also appeared in the Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, vol. x. p. 318.

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