Evaluation of platelet dense granules for determining storage pool deficiencies by HVEM image and quantitative analysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 770-771
Author(s):  
W.T. Gunning ◽  
J.N. Turner ◽  
K. Buttle ◽  
E.P. Calomeni ◽  
N.A. Lachant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Von Willebrand's Disease ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Storage Pool ◽  
Prolonged Bleeding ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Storage Pools ◽  
Electron Lucent

There are a variety of conditions which have been associated with prolonged bleeding times. If other etiologies including von Willebrand's disease have been ruled out, a platelet function disorder must be considered. The best, if not only, technique to make this diagnosis is the electron microscopic evaluation of whole air dried platelets. Bull first described the presence of dense granules in whole platelets in 1968 and the technique has been utilized extensively The electron dense or delta granules are easily distinguished from the larger more numerous alpha granules which are electron lucent. The significance of the dense granules is that they are known to be “storage pools” of serotonin, calcium, adenosine di- and triphosphate, and pyrophosphate. Prolonged bleeding times may be directly related to an insufficiency of these substances. The diagnosis of a storage pool deficiency is made when either the storage content of the dense granules is abnormal or their number is diminished. We observe normal platelets to have 4-6 dense granules, which agrees with the literature.

scholarly journals A Platelet Acquired Storage Pool Disorder Associated with Tamoxifen Therapy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalitha Nayak ◽  
Alvin H. Schmaier
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Tamoxifen Therapy ◽  
Storage Pool ◽  
Prolonged Bleeding ◽  
Platelet Storage

The antiestrogenic drug tamoxifen, used in patients with breast cancer, is associated with an increase in arterial and venous thrombotic events, the mechanism of which is not clearly understood. We report a case of a lady who presented with new bruising and prolonged bleeding following a tooth extraction 4–6 weeks after starting tamoxifen. Investigations were consistent with an acquired platelet storage pool disorder. Repeat platelet function analysis was normal, performed 3 months after discontinuation of tamoxifen. We present a previously clinically unreported effect of tamoxifen on platelet function.

Analysis of Platelet Dense Granules in Storage Pool Deficient Patients

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 73-74
Author(s):  
M.M. McKenzie ◽  
W.T. Gunning ◽  
M.R. Smith ◽  
N.A. Lachant ◽  
J.N. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Dense Granule ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Storage Pool ◽  
Prolonged Bleeding ◽  
Normal Number ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Whole Mounts

Prolonged bleeding times may be evident in patients with various conditions. Analysis of platelet function can provide an insight into the cause. Platelets contain substances such as ADP, calcium, epinephrine, and serotonin which are stored in the electron dense or delta granules. Our experience has shown normal platelets to have 4-6 dense granules (Figure 1), which is supported by the literature. The prolonged bleeding times of patients who have less than the normal number of dense granules may be attributed to the lack of adequate factors that aid in the clotting process. These storage pool deficient (SPD) patients are being classified by their low dense granule count. Patients with prolonged bleeding times but normal dense granule counts may need to have their granules evaluated for size and volume (Figure 2).Whole mounted platelets were placed in the transmission electron microscope (TEM), and negatives were obtained at a magnification of 10,200x. The typical dense granule seen in normal whole mounts is circular.

scholarly journals Patients with a prolonged bleeding time and normal aggregation tests may have storage pool deficiency: studies on one hundred six patients

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 620-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
HK Nieuwenhuis ◽  
JW Akkerman ◽  
JJ Sixma
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Bleeding Tendency ◽  
Von Willebrand's Disease ◽  
Common Disorder ◽  
Storage Pool ◽  
Prolonged Bleeding ◽  
Prolonged Bleeding Time ◽  
Platelet Serotonin

Abstract One hundred six patients with storage pool deficiency (SPD) were studied with respect to platelet count, bleeding time, total platelet ATP and ADP, platelet serotonin, and in vitro aggregation. The diagnosis of SPD was made on basis of a prolonged bleeding time, a decreased total platelet ADP, and a diminished level of serotonin. Fifty-one patients from 34 unrelated families had congenital SPD, and 55 patients had acquired SPD. Congenital SPD was a common disorder in patients with a lifelong bleeding tendency and a prolonged bleeding time. The frequency in this group of patients was 18%, about one-half the frequency of von Willebrand's disease (vWd). Twenty-three percent of all patients had normal aggregation responses to ADP, epinephrine, and collagen; 33% had aggregation tracings typical for a secretion defect; and 44% had miscellaneous aggregation abnormalities. These findings indicate that SPD is common, heterogeneous, and not necessarily associated with in vitro aggregation abnormalities.

Thrombopathies causing bleeding in a boxer and mixed-breed dog

2001 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
MB Callan ◽  
R Walton ◽  
PF Jezyk ◽  
U Giger
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Function ◽  
Adenine Nucleotide ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Secretion Signal ◽  
Prolonged Bleeding Time ◽  
Normal Platelet ◽  
Platelet Function Disorders ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation

Hereditary platelet function disorders are clinically characterized by recurrent surface bleeding and prolonged bleeding time, despite normal platelet count and coagulation tests. The authors describe persistent thrombopathies in two young dogs with increased bleeding tendencies but with normal plasma coagulation times and von Willebrand factor (vWf) concentrations. Buccal mucosal bleeding times were prolonged in both dogs. In aggregation studies, platelets underwent only a shape change or minimal aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate and collagen. Whole-platelet adenine nucleotide concentrations were normal. Electron microscopic evaluation of fibrinogen and vWf binding to the platelets of case no. 1 demonstrated the presence of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and Ib receptors. Thus, the intrinsic platelet function defects may be different in these two dogs and may likely represent secretion/signal transduction disorders.

scholarly journals Intracellular topography of glycine-extended pro-gastrin-processing intermediates in human antral mucosa: an electron-microscopic immunocytochemical study.

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-292
Author(s):  
N Funata ◽  
M Fukayama ◽  
K Sugano ◽  
M Koike
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Peptide ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
Antral Mucosa ◽  
Immunocytochemical Study ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
G Cells ◽  
Specific Antisera ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Electron Lucent

To identify and characterize the subcellular topography of glycine-extended pro-gastrin-processing intermediates (G-Gly) in human antral mucosa, we performed an electron microscopic immunocytochemical study using region-specific antisera generated against the synthetic peptide, Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-Gly (GL7), and C-terminal-specific anti-gastrin antisera. As has been previously reported, G-cells contained both electron-dense and electron-lucent granules, with a range of intermediate forms. Gastrin immunoreactivity was demonstrated in almost all granules of each type, whereas anti-GL7 antisera immunostained chiefly electron-dense granules. The relative ratio of GL7/gastrin granules varied among different cells but was approximately 1:10 on average. Other cytoplasmic organelles were devoid of specific labeling for GL7 or gastrin. As we have assumed that G-Gly serves as the immediate precursor for each molecular form of gastrin, electron-dense granules with high labeling for GL7 are regarded as the principal site for conversion of G-Gly to gastrin. This speculation supports many previous reports that electron-dense granules are immature and that the granules become less electron-dense with maturation.

Platelet storage pool disorder in pregnancy: Utilising thromboelastography to guide a risk-based delivery plan

2021 ◽  
pp. 1753495X2098025
Author(s):  
Timothy AC Snow ◽  
Rezan A Abdul-Kadir ◽  
Keith Gomez ◽  
Adrian England
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Major Haemorrhage ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Storage Pool ◽  
Platelet Storage ◽  
Platelet Function Disorders ◽  
Multi Disciplinary Team ◽  
In Pregnancy

We present a case of a 33-year-old woman in her third pregnancy diagnosed with platelet storage pool disorder who had previously suffered two postpartum major obstetric haemorrhages. Platelet storage pool disorder is a rare bleeding disorder where the platelet count is normal but platelet function is impaired due to deficiency of dense granules. A peripartum plan devised by an extensive multi-disciplinary team using principles for managing other bleeding and platelet function disorders helped minimise her risk of major haemorrhage. We also describe how point-of-care thromboelastography can help guide management and enable an individualised risk-benefit discussion with the woman about her anaesthetic choices.

A Light and Electron Microscopic Study of a Normal Adrenal Medulla and a Pheochromocytoma from a Horse

1979 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gelberg ◽  
G. L. Cockerell ◽  
R. R. Minor
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Granule Membrane ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Vascular Channels ◽  
Electron Lucent

The outer medullary (juxtacortical) zone of a normal equine adrenal gland had columnar chromaffin-positive cells arranged with their long axes perpendicular to fine vascular channels. The deeper medullary regions were composed of smaller irregularly round to polygonal chromaffin positive cells in small packets. Both cell types contained two types of membrane-bound cytoplasmic secretory granules. Osmiophilic granules with a homogeneous core, crenated membrane and narrow submembranous halo predominated in the columnar juxtacortical cells. The rounder, central medullary cells contained predominantly electron dense granules with a wide irregular electron lucent space between an eccentric core and the granule membrane. In contrast, irrespective of cell type or zone, cells from a pheochromocytoma contained only one type of granule similar to that described for the juxtacortical region of the normal equine adrenal medulla. The tumor cells could be classified into three subtypes based on density of granule packing but the granules were morphologically similar in all tumor cells.

scholarly journals The Secretory Granule and Pro-opiomelanocortin Processing in Xenopus Melanotrope Cells During Background Adaptation

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1673-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance A.F.M. Berghs ◽  
Shigeyasu Tanaka ◽  
Frank J.C. Van Strien ◽  
Shingo Kurabuchi ◽  
Eric W. Roubos
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Peptide ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Immunocytochemical Study ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Double Labeling ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Black Background ◽  
Background Adaptation ◽  
Granule Maturation ◽  
Electron Lucent

In this immunocytochemical study, we used light and electron microscopic observations in combination with morphometry to analyze the processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in melanotrope cells of the intermediate pituitary of Xenopus laevis adapted to either a white or a black background. An antiserum was raised against a synthetic peptide including the cleavage site between ACTH and β-lipotropic hormone in Xenopus. Western blotting revealed that this antiserum recognizes only a 38-kD protein, the POMC prohormone, from extracts of Xenopus neurointermediate pituitary. Light immunocytochemistry showed differential immunostaining for anti-POMC compared to anti-α-MSH. Anti-POMC was predominantly found in the perinuclear region, whereas anti-α-MSH yielded staining throughout the cytoplasm. Immunogold double labeling revealed that electron-dense secretory granules (DGs) show high immunoreactivity for anti-POMC and low immunoreactivity for anti-α-MSH. Electron-lucent granules (LGs) are immunoreactive to anti-α-MSH only. Moderately electron-dense granules (MGs) revealed intermediate reactivity compared to DGs and LGs. Background light intensity has significant effects on the morphology and the immunoreactivity of the secretory granules. Black-adapted animals have 4.5 times as many DGs and MGs as white-adapted animals. In addition, the MGs in black animals show 42% more anti-α-MSH immunogold than the MGs in white animals. Together, these findings indicate that the three granule types represent subsequent stages in granule maturation. Adaptation to a black background stimulates the formation of young immature granules, while at the same time the processing rate during granule maturation increases.

scholarly journals Infusion of Cryoprecipitate Partly Corrects the Prolonged Bleeding Time in Patients with Storage Pool Deficiency

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Gerritsen ◽  
J. W. N. Akkerman ◽  
J. J. Sixma
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Human Albumin ◽  
Platelet Function Tests ◽  
Storage Pool ◽  
Prolonged Bleeding ◽  
Prolonged Bleeding Time ◽  
Function Tests ◽  
Biochemical Abnormalities

Four patients with Hermansky-Pudlak Syndroora (HPS)— storage pool deficiency, albinism and ceroid containing bone marrow macrophages — from one family, one unrelated hps patient and one patient with storage pool deficiency (SPD) were alternately treated with cryoprecipitate from 16 donors or an equal amount of human albumin. Prior to infusion of cryoprecipitate template bleeding times were all longer than 20 min. Within 2 hrs after infusion bleeding times decreased 70% of initial values. This affect lasted for at least 6 hrs but had disappeared after 24 hrs. Infusion of albumin had no effect. Similar results were obtained in 2 additional cases of SPD that were treated with cryoprecipitate only. The abnormal platelet function tests and the biochemical abnormalities remained unchanged. Infusion of cryoprecipitate protected 4 SPD patients from bleeding during surgery. Infusion of cryoprecipitate may prevent bleeding in spd patients. Its mechanism is still obscure.

Platelet Interaction with Vessel Wall and Collagen in Pigs with Homozygous von Willebrand’s Disease Associated with Abnormal Collagen Aggregation

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (01) ◽  
pp. 057-064 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Badimon ◽  
J J Badimon ◽  
A Galvez ◽  
V Turitto ◽  
V Fuster
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Collagen Type I ◽  
Type I ◽  
Von Willebrand's Disease ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Von Willebrand’S Disease ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Storage Pool ◽  
Platelet Deposition ◽  
Induced Aggregation

SummaryA subgroup of pigs with von Willebrand’s disease from the Mayo Clinic stock shows abnormal platelet aggregation in response to collagen [vWD-Homo(-)], in contrast to the normal aggregation responses observed in the main colony of pigs with homozygous vWD [vWD-Homo(+)]. This subgroup has been characterized at Mayo as a storage pool deficiency due to the reduced levels of ADP and Serotonin in the platelet dense granules. In the present studies, an ex-vivo perfusion chamber was utilized to investigate the deposition of 111In-labeled platelets on aortic subendothelium and collagen type I exposed to blood from vWD-Homo(-), vWD-Homo(+) and normal animals. Both non-anticoagulated and heparinized blood were exposed for wall shear rates ranging from 212 sec-1 to 3380 sec-1 and exposure times as long as 30 min. An enhanced decrease in platelet deposition in the vWD-Homo(-) animals was observed compared to vWD-Homo(+) animals. The decrease was observed primarily at the higher shear rates and was more pronounced in the absence of heparin and on the collagenous substrate. Thus, the abnormality in collagen-induced aggregation, which has been characterized as a storage-pool type defect, results in a decreased platelet deposition compared with that produced by severe vWD alone.

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