Gloria's Story and Guatemala's Faith: Adulterous Concubinage, Law, and Religion

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-446
Author(s):  
M. C. Mirow
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Unintended Consequence ◽  
The State ◽  
Law And Society ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Institutional Forces ◽  
The Individual

John Wertheimer, the author of “Gloria's Story,” has produced a complex and absorbing text that skillfully guides the reader through the microhistory of Gloria's concubinage to an enhanced appreciation of the greater legal, social, and institutional forces at play in mid-twentieth century Guatemala. Using Gloria's story to shift into more general observations about law and society in Guatemala, Wertheimer states that laws can “affect behavior by establishing incentives and disincentives for different types of action and by reinforcing or undermining different values.” Wertheimer reads the legal records involving Gloria and her family to write her story from the dominant critical perspective of gender and class. He notes the way in which class distinctions played into the creation and maintenance of concubinages and the manner in which gender stereotypes bolstered such institutions. It is all exacting yet comfortable stuff for us to read. “Yes, yes, of course, exactly” we nod as we read of the individual and institutional gendered oppression meted out on Gloria and her children by Julio and the state. Nonetheless, Wertheimer's analysis delves deeper: Gloria may have gained in status and stability through her concubinage, and liberal reforms such as decriminalizing adultery and casting out distinctions between legitimate and illegitimate children may have had the unintended consequence of strengthening the institution of adulterous concubinage.

Nechung: a Modern Parallel to the Delphic Oracle?

1989 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Arnott
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
The State ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Dalai Lama ◽  
Religious Background ◽  
Northern India ◽  
The Individual

The definitive study of the Delphic Oracle by H. W. Parke and D. E. W. Wormell published over thirty years ago assembled all the information then known about it and discussed the various theories both ancient and modern about its operation where reliable information was lacking. In the presentation and evaluation of these theories, however, Parke and Wormell take no account of the methods and practices of state oracles in other cultures, even though such oracles may still be functioning today at the end of the twentieth century and so be able to provide contemporary and authenticated evidence of their workings, power and credibility. In Tibet, for instance, the State Oracle has a history going back over 800 years. It was originally sited at the monastery of Nechung (‘Small Place’) some four miles west of Lhasa, operating there until the Chinese annexation of Tibet in the 1950's, when the monk who acted as the mouthpiece of the oracle followed the Dalai Lama in his flight to northern India. The Tibetan State Oracle now functions in exile at Dharamsala in Himachal Pradesh some 250 miles north of Delhi. Its operations show some striking similarities to those attested for Delphi, and although the distances in time and space (not to mention the differences in cultural and religious background) obviously preclude any links between Nechung and Delphi other than those of common human experience and psychology, the parallels may at times help to shed some illumination on a few darker or confused areas in our knowledge of Delphic practice. Analogy admittedly is not argument, and the individual reader must judge for himself the applicability of the evidence.

scholarly journals MANIFESTATION OF THE STATE OF MONOTONY WHEN PERFORMING ARBITRARY PURPOSEFUL BIMANUAL MOVEMENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 146-151
Author(s):  
N.I. Sokolova ◽  
◽  
P.V. Tkachenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bimanual Coordination ◽  
The State ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Successful Performance ◽  
Bimanual Movements ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Operator Tasks ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Coordination Patterns ◽  
Different Levels

Bimanual coordination is necessary for successful performance of monotonous activities accompanied by monotonous complex-coordinated movements. Different types of complex operator tasks require a variety of coordination patterns with different levels of interaction between attention and hand movements. The article presents the results of studying the state of monotony when performing purposeful fine manipulative movements, considering the individual features of perception. The developed method of studying bimanual coordination allows us to establish the development of fatigue and monotony, which directly depends on the psychophysiological characteristics of a person.

scholarly journals The state and personality in the works of N.A. Berdyaev

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
Stepan Yaichny
Keyword(s):  
Social Preferences ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Philosophy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

This article discusses the basic concepts of Berdyaev’s philosophy, traces the relationship of his philosophical view and political convictions. This relationship is revealed through the concept of personality, which is the central concept of Berdyaev’s philosophy. Through the attitude to the personality, we can reveal the attitude of N. A. Berdyaev to the institution of the state, understand the social preferences of the Russian philosopher, who has come a long way from the representative of Russian Marxism to Russian religious philosophy. Having understood his ideas about the ideal structure of society, we can understand the attitude of N. A. Berdyaev to the Soviet state. The article distinguishes between two different types of relationships: the individual and society - collectivism and communitarianism. Berdyaev’s view is shown in the origins of Russian communism, which, in the opinion of the philosopher, are found not only in Western European philosophy, but also in the historical mentality of Russian people.

scholarly journals Yevhen Malaniuk as a founder of the Ukrainian literary myth of the XX century

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Olha Slon'ovska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
Civic Consciousness ◽  
National Anthem ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Political Myth ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Literary Myth

Myths are regarded as the metaphysical engines of the national progress, a specific code-program for the state development, as a vector of the individual mission of an individual nation. In general, the ideological and political myths of national states are metaphorically derived primarily from their national anthems. The anthem is a kind of vaccine against assimilation and is effectively delivered to educate the younger generation in the spirit of civic consciousness. Decadent (frustration) myths destroy the national idea, vitaistic and consolidating myths inspire, compact and unite any nation. The National Anthem, as the primary literary formulation of the national idea, gives impetus to the constant creation by the writers of the myth of the state and the nation as a specific phenomenon at the artistic level. The literary myths of stateless peoples are always preceded by the emergence of their own ideological and political myths as well. Among the most talented passionaries of every «incomplete» nation, there must be a talented philosopher or politician who will be able to verbally formulate the idea of a new ideological-political myth, which will be based on a national idea. Similarly, in the nineteenth century the ideological-political myth for Ukrainians was «Law of God (Book of Being of the Ukrainian People)» by M. Kostomarov. It is natural that this philosophical and propaganda work had a great influence on Kobzar and led to the creation of the literary myth of Ukraine by our national poet-genius, T. Shevchenko. The beginning of the twentieth century for the Ukrainians was marked by the tragic fall of the young state of the UNR. The nation had to start all over again in order to endure. There was a need for a new ideological and political myth of Ukraine of the twentieth century. It was created by Ye. Malaniuk with his own essays about the most talented Ukrainian politicians, including B. Khmelnitskyi and I. Mazepa, as well as M. Hrushevskyi and S. Petliura. In his essays on the past of Ukraine Ye. Malaniuk not only wrote about biographies of bright historical figures, but above all analyzed Ukrainian national victories and tragedies, logically argued mistakes and losses of our nation’s leaders, considered the issues of «his» and «alien», determined a peculiar «doctrine», submitted in a wide typre of «enemy face» of the Ukrainian statehood. Ye. Malaniuk also analyzed the positive and negative features of the Ukrainian mentality, aptly raised the question of passion, foresighted the stages of becoming the future of Ukraine as a sovereign nation-state at the end of the twentieth century. On the basis of his own ideological and political myth, the poet started to create the literary consolidating myth of Ukraine. His initiative was taken by contemporaries of the artist – the most talented writers-modernists of the Ukrainian diaspora of the twentieth century. The concept of the literary myth of Ukraine has been considered by the researcher Olha Slon’ovska; the significant role played by Ye. Malaniuk as a poet and essay writer in creating the literary myth has been revealed.

scholarly journals The Spanish Counter-Enlightenment: an Overview, 1774–1814

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 504-537
Author(s):  
Carolina Armenteros
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Thought ◽  
The State ◽  
General Overview ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

At once neglected and deeply controversial, the Spanish Counter- Enlightenment is crucial to understanding the development of Spanish politics and social thought until at least the mid-twentieth century. From Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo’s praise to Javier Herrero’s denigration to the more balanced assessments of present-day scholars, the movement continues to be a source of debate and varying evaluations. Still, key aspects of it remain to be known, including its anthropology, its approach to Enlightened political concepts, its inheritance from Salamanca scholastics and its ideas on interiority and the relationship between the individual and the state. This paper defines these aspects by examining the works of five of the Spanish Counter-Enlightenment’s major representatives: Fernando de Ceballos y Mier, (1732–1802), Vicente Fernández de Valcarce (1723–98), Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro (1735–1809), Francisco Alvarado (1756–1814) and Rafael de Vélez (1777–1850). The first aim is to identify what made the Spanish Counter- Enlightenment unique yet related to the French Counter-Enlightenment that nurtured and preceded it. The second aim is to provide a general overview of the movement even while introducing it to an Englishspeaking audience for the first time.

Surveillance, Conspiracy, and the Nanny State

Security ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Security ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Individual Citizen ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes

This chapter argues that the provision of security is not only an act of care but also an expression of power. And power is always something that stands to be abused. Agencies of twentieth-century totalitarian regimes consistently and explicitly claimed to maintain security by inculcating insecurity among the masses. The perverse logic is that fear alone sustains the need for security, which consequently legitimizes the state's existence. This logic has at least two alternative results. On the one hand, the care for the individual citizen has simply been converted to the care for the state. Here, security is a dehumanizing project that shifts all concern to a realm well beyond the human. On the other hand, precisely by promulgating fear among the populace, such projects also inadvertently humanize. Stripped of personal security—deprived of the privation of concern—the subjects of these regimes are left with nothing more and nothing greater than the capacity to care.

scholarly journals A Network Anatomy of Chinese State-Owned Enterprises

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
LI-WEN LIN
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Individual Firm ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chinese State ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThis Article provides an anatomy of Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) by unpacking their various relations with different types of state organs. It shows that Chinese SOEs are embedded in a network composed of dense and complex links with the state. Shareholding ties, albeit important, are only one of the many relations with the state. This network perspective provides a rather comprehensive overview of the basic architecture of China's state-owned sector. It illustrates important governance institutions that are unobservable from the laws on the book and distinctive from international standards. It clarifies some SOE behaviors that appear puzzling when taking the individual firm as the unit of analysis. It also raises challenging questions on various areas of law in the context of globalization.

The Screamers

Daedalus ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Burke
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Social Expectations ◽  
Group Solidarity ◽  
American Popular Music ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual

While screaming during popular music performances (at least loudly amplified ones) has become unremarkable and even expected, the mid-twentieth-century United States witnessed a series of debates over the appropriateness and significance of screaming. These debates, fraught with moral judgment and often open panic, focused on issues central to American popular music: sexuality, race, class, and the rights and responsibilities of the individual. Tracing the discourse surrounding screaming audiences from the nineteenth century to the present reveals that observers have associated female screamers primarily with sexual impropriety while male screamers more often have been depicted as a potentially violent mob. While commentary on screaming often reinforces racial and gender stereotypes, screaming maintains its subversive power because it effectively dramatizes the tension among social expectations, group solidarity, and individual freedom.

Private Benefit, Public Finance?

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-76
Author(s):  
William Whyte
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
British Society ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Student Finance ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter explores the way in which developments in the apparently rather narrow field of undergraduate finance tell us something about perceptions of the university in the late twentieth century and, more importantly, about how debates over higher education illuminate wider attitudes to the relationship between the individual, the state, and civil society. It also uses these debates—and the legislation they inspired—to discuss the difficulties the state and other actors faced in dealing with higher education in an era characterized by anxieties about Britain’s perceived decline, and about inequities in British society. The tangled and tortured development of student finance in the last four decades of the twentieth century illustrates the value of Jose Harris’s approach, whilst also enabling historians to trace the longer-lasting legacy of idealist thought.

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