The Inevitability of Assessing Reasons in Debates about Conscientious Objection in Medicine

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT F. CARD
Keyword(s):  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Conscientious Objection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Decisive Advantage

Abstract:This article first critically reviews the major philosophical positions in the literature on conscientious objection and finds that they possess significant flaws. A substantial number of these problems stem from the fact that these views fail to assess the reasons offered by medical professionals in support of their objections. This observation is used to motivate the reasonability view, one part of which states: A practitioner who lodges a conscientious refusal must publicly state his or her objection as well as the reasoned basis for the objection and have these subjected to critical evaluation before a conscientious exemption can be granted (the reason-giving requirement). It is then argued that when defenders of the other philosophical views attempt to avoid granting an accommodation to spurious objections based on discrimination, empirically mistaken beliefs, or other unjustified biases, they are implicitly committed to the reason-giving requirement. This article concludes that based on these considerations, a reason-giving position such as the reasonability view possesses a decisive advantage in this debate.

scholarly journals ¿Es éticamente aceptable una regulación general de la objeción de conciencia?

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Villanueva Cañadas ◽  
Herminia Villanueva
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Sexual And Reproductive Health ◽  
Conscientious Objection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

Gli autori si sono chiesti in questo lavoro, se l’obiezione di coscienza deve essere regolata dalla legge. In Spagna a seguito della Legge Organica 2/2001 della salute sessuale e riproduttiva, e l’interruzione volontaria di gravidanza, ai medici sarà riconosciuto il diritto all’obiezione di coscienza, ma solo per il personale sanitario direttamente coinvolto. D’altra parte devono segnalare in anticipo e per iscritto lo status di obiettore. Gli autori presentano motivi di ordine giuridico ed etico per negare che si tratta di una regolamentazione possibile dell’obiezione al di là di quanto afferma la Costituzione. ---------- The authors wondered in this work if conscientious objection must be regulated by law. In Spain as a result of the Organic Act 2/2001 of sexual and reproductive health, and voluntary interruption of pregnancy, physicians will be recognized right to conscientious objection, but for only those directly involved. On the other hand they have to report in advance and in writing objector status. The authors present legal and ethical reasons to deny that it is possible objection regulation beyond what the constitution states.

Conscientious Objection and the Politics of Cake-Making

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-349
Author(s):  
Richard Moon
Keyword(s):  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Conscientious Objection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Position ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Religiously Based

Abstract In two recent cases, one in the USA and the other in the UK, courts have considered conscientious objection claims made by cake bakers who objected to providing a cake for the celebration/advocacy of same-sex marriage. I will argue that the issue in these cases is not the reasonable balance between the individual’s religious interests and the interests or rights of others in the community but is instead whether the individual’s religiously based objection should be viewed as an expression of personal religious conscience or as a (religiously grounded) civic position or action that falls outside the scope of religious freedom protection. In determining whether a conscientious objection should be viewed as a personal/spiritual matter or instead as a civic/political position, two factors are relevant. The first is whether the individual is being required to perform the particular act (to which she/he objects) because she/he holds a special position not held by others. The other factor is the relative remoteness/proximity of the act that the objector is required to perform from the act that she/he considers to be inherently immoral. The more remote the legally required action, the more likely we are to regard the objection as a political position.

‘Arrest and Movement’: Tippett’s Second Piano Sonata and the Genesis of a Method

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAIN STANNARD
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Piano Sonata ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Temporal Representation ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe terms ‘arrest’ and ‘movement’, deployed by Tippett in his Third Symphony (1970–2) as part of what Kemp defines as a ‘dialectic of strong contrasts’, were in fact significant at an earlier stage of the composer’s output. Some ten years previously Arrest and Movement appears as a possible title for his Second Piano Sonata in the pencil manuscript of the work. Tippett’s notebooks further reveal how these two categories determined the formation of two distinct types of temporality in the piece: one halting or stuttering, the other flowing. Art critic Henriette Groenewegen-Frankfort’s book Arrest and Movement: an Essay on Space and Time in the Representational Art of the Ancient Near East, which was published in 1951 and which Tippett is known to have read, uses these terms to explore the relationship between spatial and temporal representation. This prompts investigation of the arrest–movement dialectic in Tippett’s Sonata along analogous lines, analysing structure, balance, and use of quasi-spatial proportions. The two threads converge by means of the criterion of ‘monumentality’, a term Groenewegen-Frankfort uses to describe works of particularly effective balance. While critical evaluation of the Sonata might suggest that this work itself falls short of ‘monumental’ stature, it is arguable that Tippett was able to carry forward lessons learned to works of his later œuvre (such as his Fourth Symphony), which do indeed approach this status.

scholarly journals Zygosity Diagnosis: When Physicians and DNA Disagree/Twin Research: Sex-Discordant Chimeric Twins; Unrelated Bone Marrow Transplantation in Infant Twins With Congenital Amegakaryotic Thrombocytopenia; Twin Study of Attractiveness to Mosquitoes; Twins Coping With Crisis/Media Highlights: The Less Favored Twin; Paternity Issues; Twins With Late-Onset Tay-Sachs Disease; Triplets at MIT

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 613-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy L. Segal
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Popular Media ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Twin Analysis ◽  
Tay Sachs Disease ◽  
Her 2

Physicians and other medical professionals do not always provide new parents with an accurate diagnosis of their twins’ zygosity. An overview of this problem is presented, supplemented by an interview with a mother who recently learned that her 2-year-old ‘dizygotic (DZ)’ twin girls are actually ‘monozygotic (MZ)’. Reviews of two case studies, one of twins with sex-discordance and chimerism and the other of twins with congenital amegakaryotic thrombocytopenia, follow. Two additional studies, one a twin analysis of attractiveness to mosquitoes and the other a study of twins coping with crisis, are also described. Several articles and letters from the popular media, concerning less favored twins, paternity issues surrounding superfecundation, twins with late-onset Tay-Sachs disease, and triplets admitted to MIT are informative and insightful.

Quality control methods for thermally modified wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 875-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Willems ◽  
Charalampos Lykidis ◽  
Michael Altgen ◽  
Lothar Clauder
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Chemical Marker ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Reference Samples ◽  
Modified Wood

Abstract Thermally modified wood (TMW) is currently produced commercially by a range of processes across many countries. A prerequisite of the commercial success is an efficient quality control (QC), and methods with this regard are discussed in this review. When direct measurement of the key attribute of the material is not feasible, QC is based on a suitably chosen physical or chemical “marker”. A critical evaluation of currently applied markers reveals that most of them only provide data for comparative purposes for a particular species and/or over a narrow process range. Such markers do not allow making an objective judgment of quality, which is independent of process information or reference samples provided by the manufacturer. On the other hand, they can be very useful for monitoring product variability in the TMW factory and wood during the heat treatment. Recommendations for future development are the general validation of (combinations of) known TMW markers for different wood species and processes, resulting in (1) a reliable and fast laboratory QC method for given samples of unknown origin, (2) a simple and fast indicative QC test for end users, and (3) in-line product markers for feedback-controlled production.

Flesh-hooks, technological complexity and the Atlantic Bronze Age feasting complex

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Needham ◽  
Sheridan Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Technological Complexity ◽  
Alternative Path ◽  
Symbolic Meanings ◽  
Clan Identity ◽  
Practical Level

Thirty-six Atlantic flesh-hooks are documented, classified and discussed after critical evaluation of previously identified examples and the addition of new ones. A chronological progression is shown from the more simple classes to the more complex from 1300 to 800 cal BC, but even the latter examples begin as early as c.1100 cal BC. Although highly distinctive, the Atlantic series derives ultimately from similar hooked instruments to the east and newly recognized Sicilian examples introduce an alternative path of dissemination from the more usually accepted intermediary route of the Urnfield culture. The rarity of flesh-hooks is striking and understanding of their social role needs to take into account not only their marked individuality in terms of technological construction or iconographic features, but also their relationship to other contemporary prestige feasting gear. The distributions of flesh-hooks and rotary spits are mutually exclusive over most of Atlantic Europe; thus, not only did they function differently at a practical level, but also at an ideological one. On the other hand, flesh-hooks and cauldrons have very similar distributions but they have a paucity of direct associations. Rather than implying a limited functional relationship, this is interpreted as resulting from their different symbolic meanings and thus different depositional practices. The zoomorphic imagery encountered on Atlantic spits and occasionally on flesh-hooks is found to be unique to each instrument and thus seen to contrast with that of the Urnfield world, suggesting the signalling of tribal or clan identity rather than an over-arching symbolism.

scholarly journals Reflective Understanding

Wisdom ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 176-202
Author(s):  
John Kekes
Keyword(s):  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Attitude ◽  
The Social ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Do So

Reflective understanding involves the evaluation of our personal attitude formed of our changing, often faulty, and frequently conflicting beliefs, emotions, desires, experiences, and evaluations. Their evaluation proceeds from two points of view. One is that of our personal attitude. The other is the point of view of the various modes of evaluations that jointly form the evaluative framework of the context in which we live. Both kinds of evaluations may be faulty. Reflective understanding involves the critical evaluation of the reasons for and against the prevailing social evaluations that follow from our personal attitude and of the reasons for and against our personal attitude that follow from the prevailing social evaluations. The test of the adequacy of our personal attitude is our satisfaction with our life. And the test of social evaluations is the continued long-term allegiance of those who follow the social evaluations, although they need not do so.

Event Structure and Syntax

2019 ◽  
pp. 455-489
Author(s):  
Tal Siloni
Keyword(s):  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Event Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Causative Alternation ◽  
Lexical Decomposition ◽  
Decompositional Analysis

This chapter examines the syntactic decompositional view of event structure. On this view, the event is composed of distinct syntactic heads that correspond to its meaning ingredients. The chapter critically reviews the various arguments presented in the literature for a decompositional analysis of pairs of verbs that differ roughly in that one of them has one more argument than the other. It focuses on the inchoative alternation, comparing it to the Japanese and Hungarian causative alternations. The chapter shows that these alternations differ from one another in important respects, and only the Japanese causative alternation deserves a syntactic decompositional treatment. The chapter thus contributes a critical evaluation of the scope and limitations of syntactic representations of lexical decomposition.

Pain, Subjectivity, and the Social

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Ablow
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Social World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Epistemological Problem ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social

This introductory chapter first describes two different recent approaches to the relation between pain and social life. The first position casts the pain of the other primarily as an epistemological problem—the thing we cannot, but most need to, know. The second approach emphasizes how pain is always already part of a social world. The chapter then considers some of the terms in which Victorian medical professionals, caregivers, and sufferers understood the social nature of pain. Finally, this chapter discusses what is meant by the book's title, “Victorian Pain.” The goal here is to explain why this book seeks to describe not how pain was represented or constructed, but instead how pain was used by a range of writers at a particular time.

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