Play it Again: The Master Psychopharmacology Program as an Example of Interval Learning in Bite-Sized Portions

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 491-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Stahl ◽  
Richard L. Davis ◽  
Dennis H. Kim ◽  
Nicole Gellings Lowe ◽  
Richard E. Carlson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Data ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Single Event ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Spaced Learning ◽  
Modern Learning ◽  
New Material ◽  
Over Time

Medical education often presents new material as large data dumps at a single live event (lecture or symposium), in part because it is traditional, and also because this structure can be perceived as the most time efficient for busy clinicians and their teachers. However, modern learning theory and new insights from the neurobiological basis of long-term memory formation show that the format of single-event presentation of materials is not very effective. Rather, seeing the presentation of new materials over time, in bite-sized chunks, and then seeing them again at a later time, particularly as a test, leads to more retention of information than does learning the same amount of material as a large bolus in a single setting. This notion of learning over time, also called “interval learning” or “spaced learning,” is particularly well adapted to the Internet era. Here we describe an application of this concept to the learning of psychopharmacology over time in bite-sized and repeated portions structured as an “online fellowship” called the Master Psychopharmacology Program (www.neiglobal.com/mpptour).

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Learning Efficiency

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 607-613
Author(s):  
Kathleen B. McDermott ◽  
Christopher L. Zerr
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Learning Efficiency ◽  
Rate Of Learning ◽  
Over Time

Most research on long-term memory uses an experimental approach whereby participants are assigned to different conditions, and condition means are the measures of interest. This approach has demonstrated repeatedly that conditions that slow the rate of learning tend to improve later retention. A neglected question is whether aggregate findings at the level of the group (i.e., slower learning tends to improve retention) translate to the level of individual people. We identify a discrepancy whereby—across people—slower learning tends to coincide with poorer memory. The positive relation between learning rate (speed of learning) and retention (amount remembered after a delay) across people is referred to as learning efficiency. A more efficient learner can acquire information faster and remember more of it over time. We discuss potential characteristics of efficient learners and consider future directions for research.

scholarly journals Features of subsyndromal and persistent delirium

2012 ◽  
Vol 200 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Meagher ◽  
Dimitrios Adamis ◽  
Paula Trzepacz ◽  
Maeve Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Thought Process ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Subsyndromal Delirium ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundLongitudinal studies of delirium phenomenology are lacking.AimsWe studied features that characterise subsyndromal delirium and persistent delirium over time.MethodTwice-weekly evaluations of 100 adults with DSM-IV delirium using the Delirium Rating Scale – Revised-98 (DRS-R98) and Cognitive Test for Delirium (CTD). The generalised estimating equation method identified symptom patterns distinguishing full syndromal from subsyndromal delirium and resolving from persistent delirium.ResultsParticipants (mean age 70.2 years (s.d. = 10.5)) underwent 323 assessments (range 2–9). Full syndromal delirium was significantly more severe than subsyndromal delirium for DRS-R98 thought process abnormalities, delusions, hallucinations, agitation, retardation, orientation, attention, and short- and long-term memory items, and CTD attention, vigilance, orientation and memory. Persistent full syndromal delirium had greater disturbance of DRS-R98 thought process abnormalities, delusions, agitation, orientation, attention, and short- and long-term memory items, and CTD attention, vigilance and orientation.ConclusionsFull syndromal delirium differs from subsyndromal delirium over time by greater severity of many cognitive and non-cognitive symptoms. Persistent delirium involves increasing prominence of recognised core diagnostic features and cognitive impairment.

How the Efficiency of Mutual Funds in India Have Evolved over Time: A Study on Selected Mutual Funds in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-26
Author(s):  
Radhika Prosad Datta ◽  
Jayanta Kumar Seal ◽  
Jayanta Kumar Seal
Keyword(s):  
Market Efficiency ◽  
Mutual Funds ◽  
Hurst Exponent ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Over Time

This paper studies the long term memory of the returns from selected mutual funds from the large, mid & small cap and hybrid categories in India, over 10 years starting from 2008-09. The Hurst exponent is used to study the persistence and anti-persistent or mean-reverting trends and hence the market efficiency of the returns of the funds across various categories and periods are analyzed. The findings indicate, that there seems to be no significant difference in the market efficiency of various mutual funds across the categories studied over our period of interest. Although for certain periods all the categories do show persistent or anti-persistent behavior, there does not seem to be any particular pattern in such behaviour.

scholarly journals Non-genetic inheritance restraint of cell-to-cell variation

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harsh Vashistha ◽  
Maryam Kohram ◽  
Hanna Salman
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Genetic Inheritance ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Cell Variation ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Sister Cells ◽  
Over Time

Heterogeneity in physical and functional characteristics of cells (e.g. size, cycle time, growth rate, protein concentration) proliferates within an isogenic population due to stochasticity in intracellular biochemical processes and in the distribution of resources during divisions. Conversely, it is limited in part by the inheritance of cellular components between consecutive generations. Here we introduce a new experimental method for measuring proliferation of heterogeneity in bacterial cell characteristics, based on measuring how two sister cells become different from each other over time. Our measurements provide the inheritance dynamics of different cellular properties, and the 'inertia' of cells to maintain these properties along time. We find that inheritance dynamics are property-specific, and can exhibit long-term memory (~10 generations) that works to restrain variation among cells. Our results can reveal mechanisms of non-genetic inheritance in bacteria and help understand how cells control their properties and heterogeneity within isogenic cell populations.

scholarly journals Spaced training forms complementary long-term memories of opposite valence inDrosophila

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro F. Jacob ◽  
Scott Waddell
Keyword(s):  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Mushroom Body ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Odor Preference ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Relative Safety ◽  
Multiple Trials ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Odor Conditioning

AbstractForming long-term memory (LTM) in many cases requires repetitive experience spread over time. InDrosophila, aversive olfactory LTM is optimal following spaced training, multiple trials of differential odor conditioning with rest intervals. Studies often compare memory after spaced to that after massed training, same number of trials without interval. Here we show flies acquire additional information after spaced training, forming an aversive memory for the shock-paired odor and a ‘safety-memory’ for the explicitly unpaired odor. Safety-memory requires repetition, order and spacing of the training trials and relies on specific subsets of rewarding dopaminergic neurons. Co-existence of the aversive and safety memories can be measured as depression of odor-specific responses at different combinations of junctions in the mushroom body output network. Combining two particular outputs appears to signal relative safety. Learning a complementary safety memory thereby augments LTM performance after spaced training by making the odor preference more certain.

scholarly journals Working beyond SPA and the trajectories of cognitive and mental health of UK pensioners: Do gender, choice, and occupational status matter?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baowen Xue ◽  
Manacy Pai ◽  
Minhao Luo
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Growth Curve Models ◽  
Time Coefficient ◽  
State Pension ◽  
Over Time

AbstractWe assessed the association between work status beyond state pension age (SPA) and the long-term trajectories of cognitive and mental health for men and women separately, and the extent to which this relationship is conditioned by their occupational status and whether the choice to retire or continue working is voluntary or involuntary. Data are pensioners (aged between SPA and SPA + 9) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing waves 4 (2008/09) through 9 (2018/19). The analytic sample includes 959 men and 1217 women when considering cognitive outcomes and 1131 men and 1434 women when evaluating depression. Findings based on growth curve models reveal that, compared to women who retired at SPA and without any particular reason, their peers who retired due to frailing health reported a more precipitous decline in memory over time (coefficient = −0.10). However, analysis stratified by occupation shows that this association between ill-health retirement and long-term memory decline was concentrated among older women of the highest occupational status. We also found that men who retired or worked past SPA voluntarily reported a better baseline verbal fluency and were less likely to report depression over time (coefficient for work = 0.80; coefficient for retired = 0.87). Women who worked past SPA voluntarily were less likely to report depression at baseline (OR = 0.53). Policies that extend work life should offer older people more personal control over decision surrounding retirement.

scholarly journals Acute and chronic physical activity improve spatial pattern separation in humans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Ramirez Butavand ◽  
Maria Florencia Rodriguez ◽  
Maria Virginia Cifuentes ◽  
Magdalena Miranda ◽  
Cristian Garcia Bauza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Pattern Separation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Virtual Reality Environment ◽  
Spatial Memories ◽  
Spatial Pattern Separation ◽  
Sedentary Subjects ◽  
Over Time

Physical activity benefits both fitness and cognition. However, its effect on long-term memory is unclear. Successful memory involves not only remembering information over time but also keeping memories distinct and less confusing. The ability to separate similar experiences into distinct memories is one of the main features of episodic memory. In this work, we evaluated the effect of acute and chronic physical activity on a new task to assess spatial pattern separation in a 3D virtual reality environment. We manipulated the load of memory similarity and found that 25 minutes of cycling after encoding - but not before retrieval - was sufficient to improve similar, but not dissimilar memories, 24 hours after encoding. Furthermore, we found that participants who engaged in regular physical activity, but not sedentary subjects, showed memory for the similar condition the next day. Thus, physical activity could be a simple way to improve discrimination of spatial memories in humans.

The Fundamentals of Game-Based Learning

2017 ◽  
pp. 174-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kijpokin Kasemsap
Keyword(s):  
Global Education ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Game Based Learning ◽  
Immediate Feedback ◽  
Interactive Instruction ◽  
Modern Learning ◽  
Practical Experiences ◽  
The Cost

This chapter explains the overview of Game-Based Learning (GBL) and the significance of GBL in global education. The aim of GBL is to teach something while the students are playing. As the cost-effective and highly engaging learning method, GBL has the potential to motivate students and offer custom learning experiences while promoting long-term memory and providing practical experiences. GBL facilitates student engagement, motivation, and immediate feedback, toward bringing educational success into the modern learning environments. Regarding GBL, goal-directed practice coupled with targeted feedback enhances the quality of students' learning. GBL provides the learning opportunities that engage students in the interactive instruction and helps prepare them to participate in the technological society of the 21st century.

scholarly journals Tracing the path of forgetting in rule abstraction and exemplar retrieval

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 2261-2281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janina A Hoffmann ◽  
Bettina von Helversen ◽  
Regina A Weilbächer ◽  
Jörg Rieskamp
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
Rule Abstraction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

People often forget acquired knowledge over time such as names of former classmates. Which knowledge people can access, however, may modify the judgement process and affect judgement accuracy. Specifically, we hypothesised that judgements based on retrieving past exemplars from long-term memory may be more vulnerable to forgetting than remembering rules that relate the cues to the criterion. Experiment 1 systematically tracked the individual course of forgetting from initial learning to later tests (immediate, 1 day, and 1 week) in a linear judgement task facilitating rule-based strategies and a multiplicative judgement task facilitating exemplar-based strategies. Practising the acquired judgement strategy in repeated tests helped participants to consistently apply the learnt judgement strategy and retain a high judgement accuracy even after a week. Yet, whereas a long retention interval did not affect judgements in the linear task, a long retention interval impaired judgements in the multiplicative task. If practice was restricted as in Experiment 2, judgement accuracy suffered in both tasks. In addition, after a week without practice, participants tried to reconstruct their judgements by applying rules in the multiplicative task. These results emphasise that the extent to which decision makers can still retrieve previously learned knowledge limits their ability to make accurate judgements and that the preferred strategies change over time if the opportunity for practice is limited.

The Importance of Political Knowledge for Effective Citizenship

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 338-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona S Kleinberg ◽  
Richard R Lau
Keyword(s):  
Generational Differences ◽  
American Politics ◽  
Political Knowledge ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Political Candidates ◽  
Internet Revolution ◽  
Political Opinions

Abstract General political knowledge is a central variable in American politics research. Individuals with high political knowledge exhibit behaviors that are consequential to a well-functioning democracy, including holding more stable political opinions, exhibiting greater ideological constraint, knowing more about political candidates, and being more likely to vote correctly. In this paper, we examine whether the internet revolution, enabling citizens to look up anything at any time, has changed the relative importance of political knowledge in American politics. We show that important generational differences exist between Americans raised during the broadcast era and Americans raised with the presence and accessibility of the internet. Internet access can be a substitute for political knowledge stored in long-term memory, particularly among this younger generation, who may be relying on the internet to store knowledge for them.

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