The effect of protein source on lameness and solear lesion formation in dairy cattle

1997 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Offer ◽  
D. N. Logue ◽  
D. J. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Lesion Formation ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractTwo groups of 16 cubicle-housed Holstein-Friesian cattle from weeks 3 to 27 of lactation were offered either a proprietary protein supplement of animal origin (P) or soya-bean meal (S) as the protein source in the concentrate in a continuous design experiment. Concentrates were offered mixed with grass silage as complete diets to give a forage: concentrate ratio of 41: 59 and a crude protein content of 213 and 210 g/kg dry matter (DM) and a metabolizable energy content (MJ/kg DM) of 11·9 and 12·0 for P and S respectively. There was no significant difference due to diet for mean locomotion score (1·75 v. 1·66 (s.e. 0·15)), prevalence (0·1 v. 0·09 per cow per week) or incidence of lameness (0·04 v. 0·04) for P and S respectively. Similarly there was no effect on hoof growth, wear, hardness or conformation. Sole haemorrhages, indicative of subclinical laminitis, were observed throughout the experiment but were most severe at approximately 16 weeks after calving. Levels of heel erosion remained constant throughout. There was no significant effect of treatment on either heel or sole lesion formation. No significant differences were observed between treatments for milk yield, live weight, condition score or blood metabolites. The conclusions from this study were that source of dietary protein has no effect on dairy cow lameness or the development of sole lesions indicative of subclinical laminitis.

The effect of body weight at calving on milk production and reproductive performance of Friesian × Zebu heifers

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Deresz ◽  
C. M. Jaume ◽  
M. R. de Carvalho ◽  
C. A. González
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTTwenty-six pregnant Holstein-Friesian × zebu heifers, arranged in pairs according to age, body weight, expected calving date and amount of zebu breeding, were allocated at random to two nutritional regimens during the last 12 weeks before calving. If was planned that the animals in treatment A should calve at a pre-calving live weight of 480 kg and those in treatment B should calve at 380 kg. The diet consisted of maize silage or elephant grass silage, soya-bean meal and minerals. During the first 21 days of the post-partum period both groups were given 6 kg concentrate per head daily. After this period, the feeding level was adjusted every 14 days according to the current milk yield. The mean total milk yields were 2132 kg and 1283 kg (P < 0·05) and the lengths of lactation were 239 days and 156 days (P < 0·01) for cows in treatments A and B, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between treatments in the intervals from calving to first heat or calving to conception.

A note on the estimation of the body fat, protein and energy content of lactating Holstein-Friesian cows by measurement of condition score and live weight

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
W. E. Ivings
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Subjective Condition ◽  
Friesian Cows

The relationships between body composition, live weight (LW) and subjective condition score (CS) were examined in an experiment in which 54, second to fourth parity, lactating autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were slaughtered at 0, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 19, 24 and 29 weeks post partum. Multiple regression analyses showed the weight of fat and the quantity of energy within the body were significantly correlated with both LW and CS. The weight of crude protein showed a linear correlation with LW. These results are discussed and compared with previously published investigations with non-lactating dairy cows.

Changes in body components of autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian cows over the first 29 weeks of lactation

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
W. E. Ivings ◽  
M. S. Dhanoa ◽  
J. D. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Concentrate Level

AbstractChanges in body composition of 54, second to fourth parity, autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian dairy cows offered grass silage ad libitum and 3(L), 6(M) or 9(H) kg concentrate dry matter per day were measured by serial slaughter at 0, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 19, 24 and 29 weeks post partum.Concentrate level had a significant effect on the fresh weights of many of the body fractions with the differences generally being greater between L and M than between M and H. Increasing concentrate level generally reduced the extent of weight loss of body fractions in early lactation and enhanced subsequent repletion. Empty body weight decreased to week 8 and then increased steadily over the remaining 21 weeks, but within this pattern different organs were concomitantly increasing and decreasing. Carcass weight and the weights of the internal fat depots showed a decline over the first 8 weeks and a subsequent increase, udder weight declined throughout, weights of various sections of the digestive tract showed an initial increase then remained steady, whilst liver weight increased throughout.In week 0 the carcass accounted for proportionately 0-61 of the total energy in the body (6278 MJ), of which fat and crude protein (CP) comprised proportionately 0·67 and 0·33, respectively. In early lactation mobilization of fat and CP in the carcass was reduced with increasing level of concentrate. In the non-carcass fraction increasing concentrate level led to a higher weight of CP in the metabolically active organs such as the digestive tract and udder but had little effect on the weight of fat. Nevertheless, there was generally a positive effect of concentrate level on energy content. Total weights of fat, CP and water in the body declined to week 8 then increased over the following 21 weeks. Although weight of CP in the liver increased throughout lactation and weight of fat was elevated in weeks 0 and 2, the energy content of the liver remained fairly constant.Estimates of the change in net energy (NE) associated with live-weight loss and with live-weight gain showed a slight though non-significant difference between the two, despite evidence of a higher concentration of fat associated with gain than with loss, and CP concentration being the same in both cases. The mean value was 19·3 MJ/kg live-weight change.

A note on crossbreeding for fat-lamb production in the hot tropics

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Sehgal ◽  
S. A. Karim ◽  
Manohar Singh ◽  
R. M. Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Body Heat

ABSTRACTTo compare the genetic group differences in live-weight gains, efficiency of food conversion (in terms of dry matter, total digestible nutrients, digestible crude protein, digestible energy and metabolizable energy) and physiological responses related to heat balance, a total of 24 male lambs (91 to 180 days old), four each of Malpura, Sonadi, and their crosses with Dorset and Suffolk breeds, were given a ration having a roughage to concentrate ratio of 250:750g/kg and metabolizable energy content of 100MJ/kg dry matter. Live-weight gain per day was higher and the food conversion ratio (the intakes of total digestible nutrients, digestible energy and metabolizable energy per kg gain) was lower in the crossbreds than in the native sheep. The crossbreds had higher respiratory rates (153 per min) than the natives (140 per min) but there was no significant difference in rectal temperature between purebreds and crossbreds. The crossbred lambs in the present experiment grew faster, consumed more food and utilized the food more efficiently than did the native lambs, despite the fact that they dissipated more energy as body heat. It was, therefore, concluded that the crossbreds performed better than the native breeds between 3 and 6 months of age, even though they were not permanently acclimatized to hot environmental conditions.

Energy value of dry maize gluten feed in starter, growing or finishing steer diets

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. DiCostanzo ◽  
H. Chester-Jones ◽  
S. D. Plegge ◽  
T. M. Peters ◽  
J. C. Meiske
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Gluten Feed ◽  
Dietary Treatments

ABSTRACTThree experiments were conducted to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) concentration of dry maize gluten feed (DMGF) in starter (experiment 1), growing (experiment 2) or finishing (experiment 3) diets for steers. Seventy-two weanling Holstein-Friesian steer calves (initially 52 kg live weight); 32 Aberdeen Angus and 24 Shorthorn steer calves (initially 250 kg live weight) and 32 Aberdeen Angus, 24 Shorthorn and 68 crossbred steers (initially 367 kg live weight) were used in experiments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In experiment 1, calves were given one of three total mixed rations in which energy and protein ingredients on a dry matter (DM) basis were (g/kg): (1) 590 ground maize grain (MG), 260 rolled oats (RO) and 150 soya-bean meal (SBM); (2) 210 DMGF, 400 MG, 260 RO and 130 SBM; or (3) 440 DMGF, 210 MG, 250 RO and 100 SBM. Daily live-weight gains (LWG) and food-to-gain (F/G) ratios were similar across dietary treatments (P > 0·05). Calves given the diet containing 440 g DMGF per kg had higher DM intakes (DMI) than those given no DMGF (P < 0·05). ME concentration of the diet without DMGF was greater than ME concentrations of diets containing DMGF (P < 0·05). In experiment 2, calves were given one of four diets containing, on a DM basis (g/kg): (1) 800 maize silage (MS) and 200 MG; (2) 800 MS and 200 DMGF; (3) 500 MS and 500 DMGF; or (4) 200 MS and 800 DMGF. LWG and DMI of calves given 500 or 800 g DMGF per kg diets were higher than those of calves given 0 or 200 g DMGF per kg diets (P < 0·05). F/G ratios tended to increase and dietary ME concentrations tended to decrease with increasing content of DMGF in diets. In experiment 3, steers were given one of four diets, which on a DM basis were (g/kg): (1) 850 MG and 150 MS; (2) 300 DMGF, 150 MS and 550 MG; (3) 500 DMGF and 500 MG; or (4) 750 DMGF and 250 MG. LWG was not altered when DMGF replaced MG only or MG and MS (diet 2 v. 1 or diets 3 and 4 v. 1, respectively (P > 0·05)) in the diet. Steers given the 300 or 750 g DMGF per kg diets had higher DMI and lower F/G ratios than those fed diets without DMGF (P < 0·05). ME concentration of the diet without DMGF was greater (P < 0·05) than the ME concentration of 300 or 750 g DMGF per kg diets. ME concentration of DMGF, calculated by regression, was proportionately about 0·9 of the value of MG in all experiments and averaged 11·46 MJ/kg DM.

Lameness in dairy cattle and the type of concentrate given

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Kelly ◽  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Locomotion Score

ABSTRACTA concentrate containing ground barley, soya-bean meal and fish meal was compared with one containing dried molassed sugar-beet pellets, dried distillers' grains and fish meal, in its influence on lameness in housed dairy cattle. Two groups of 24 cows were offered the diets in a 60:40 concentrate dry matter: grass silage dry matter ratio during weeks 3 to 26 of lactation. The same daily amounts of metabolizable energy and crude protein were offered to the two groups. The barley-based concentrate diet significantly increased locomotion score (indicating poorer locomotion), and the number and duration of clinical cases of lameness, compared with the sugar-beet concentrate diet. Hoof growth, wear, shape and hardness were not significantly affected by the diets. There were 16/24 cows with a locomotion score of 3 or over (1 to 5 scale) for an average of 7·3 weeks on the barley concentrate compared with 10/24 cows for 3·7 weeks on the sugar-beet concentrate. There was no significant difference between treatments in milk production or live-weight gain.

A comparison of wheat and barley as supplements to grass silage for finishing beef cattle

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

AbstractTwo randomized-block experiments were carried out to examine the relative value of wheat and barley as supplements to grass silage for finishing beef cattle. In each experiment unwilted, formic acid-treated silage was offered ad libitum and supplemented with 500 g soya-bean meal and 50 g minerals and vitamins to 44 12-month-old bulls for 157 and 172 days in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. Twelve of the animals also received 2·5 kg rolled spring barley (LB), 12 received 4·0 kg barley (HB) and 20 received 3·25 kg rolled wheat (W). For experiments 1 and 2 respectively the barley contained 796 and 787 g dry matter (DM) per kg; 118 and 105 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM; 47 and 57 g crude fibre per kg DM; the wheat contained 845 and 800 g DM per kg; 112 and 116 g CP per kg DM; 23 and 25 g crude fibre per kg DM; and the silages contained 190 and 177 g DM per kg; 153 and 176 g CP per kg DM; 80 and 104 g ammonia-nitrogen per kg total nitrogen. On average over the two experiments, for treatments LB, HB and W respectively, silage DM intakes were 5·4, 4·7 (s.e. 0·14) and 4·9 (s.e. 0·11) kg/day; total DM intakes 7·9, 8·3 (s.e. 0·14) and 8·1 (s.e. 0·11) kg/day; metabolizable energy intakes 91·4, 97·8 and 94·2 MJ/day; live-weight gains 1·04,1·19 (s.e. 0·029) and 1·10 (s.e. 0·023) kg/day and carcass gams 0·65, 0·77 (s.e. 0·017) and 0·70 (s.e. 0·013) kg/day. It is concluded that the feeding value of wheat was proportionately 0·98 of that of barley for finishing beef cattle when given as a supplement to grass silage, and that the type of cereal offered did not affect silage intake or carcass composition.

scholarly journals PSX-2 Growth and lactating performance of ewes fed with different energy levels

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 467-468
Author(s):  
Fernanda F Santos ◽  
Luciano Brochine ◽  
Vanderlei Benetel Junior ◽  
Maria Laura R Coelho ◽  
Augusto H Gameiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Condition Score

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the milk production, body weight, and body condition score (BCS) of ewes fed with different energy levels. Seventy-one ewes were used and distributed in three treatments according to the metabolizable energy (ME, Mcal/kg) levels in the diet: CTL = according to the NRC (2007) recommendation for each stage (gestation and lactation); PLUS = CTL plus 10% of ME per kilogram of dry matter; LESS = CTL less 10% ME per kilogram of dry matter. Body weight and body condition score were evaluated a week before the expected date of parturition, a week after giving birth, and at weaning (60 days). Dairy production was evaluated at 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after giving birth by the indirect method of the two weighing. The experimental design was analyzed as randomized complete blocks. There were no differences on milk production during almost all the lactation curve. Only on day 50 (P = 0.051), CTL was still at peak, while LESS and PLUS had already decreased their production. However, at 60 days, all treatments were already with low production, justifying weaning in this period. Results of weight and BCS showed a significant difference in all periods evaluates. Ewes in the PLUS diet had greater BW and BCS. The BCS before giving birth is expected to be over 3.5 and treatment LESS was the only one that did not achieve this score (2.66, 3.37, 3.83 for LESS, CTL, and PLUS, respectively). At weaning, ewes fed PLUS and CTL had BCS of 3.51 and 2.92, respectively, but treatment LESS had only 1.82. That is prejudicial for the next mating seasonal and this animal. We concluded that LESS diet interfered with the body reserves of sheep.

Aspects of nitrogen utilization in Asiatic water buffalo and Zebu cattle

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SUMMARYThe results of 62 comparative digestibility and nitrogen balance trials of Asiatic water buffalo and Zebu cattle fed the same roughage or mixed diet were analysed to test for species differences in various nitrogen input-output relationships. The influence of dietary metabolizable energy content on the utilization of dietary or apparently digested nitrogen (ADN) was also investigated.There was no difference between buffaloes and Zebus in their ability to digest dietary nitrogen. The true nitrogen digestibility was calculated to be 81% and the metabolic faecal nitrogen excretion to be 0·36 g N/lOOg dry-matter intake. The buffaloes had lower rates of excretion of urinary nitrogen per unit increase in ADN, and at the same intake of ADN (143 mg/kg live weight/day), they had the higher nitrogen balance: 58v.48 mg/kg live weight/day. Dietary metabolizable energy content did not affect the utilization of digested nitrogen.Estimates of metabolic faecal nitrogen and endogenous urinary nitrogen excretions and of maintenance requirements for digested nitrogen were similar to those of tropical large ruminants reported by other workers. On low-quality (0·8% N) or medium-quality (1·6% N) diets, it was calculated that buffaloes would have nitrogen balances.

scholarly journals How did Lofgreen and Garrett do the math?

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1011-1017
Author(s):  
James W Oltjen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Linear Fit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Logarithmic Equation ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

Abstract Lofgreen and Garrett introduced a new system for predicting growing and finishing beef cattle energy requirements and feed values using net energy concepts. Based on data from comparative slaughter experiments they mathematically derived the California Net Energy System. Scaling values to body weight to the ¾ power, they summarized metabolizable energy intake (ME), energy retained (energy balance [EB]), and heat production (HP) data. They regressed the logarithm of HP on ME and extended the line to zero intake, and estimated fasting HP at 0.077 Mcal/kg0.75, similar to previous estimates. They found no significant difference in fasting HP between steers and heifers. Above maintenance, however, a logarithmic fit of EB on ME does not allow for increased EB once ME is greater than 340 kcal/kg0.75, or about three times maintenance intake. So based on their previous work, they used a linear fit so that partial efficiency of gain above maintenance was constant for a given feed. They show that with increasing roughage level efficiency of gain (slope) decreases, consistent with increasing efficiency of gain and maintenance with greater metabolizable energy of the feed. Making the system useful required that gain in body weight be related to EB. They settled on a parabolic equation, with significant differences between steers and heifers. Lofgreen and Garrett also used data from a number of experiments to relate ME and EB to estimate the ME required for maintenance (ME = HP) and then related the amount of feed that provided that amount of ME to the metabolizable energy content of the feed (MEc), resulting in a logarithmic equation. Then they related that amount of feed to the net energy for gain calculated as the slope of the EB line when regressed against feed intake. Combining the two equations, they estimate the net energy for maintenance and gain per unit feed (Mcal/kg dry matter) as a function of MEc: 0.4258 × 1.663MEc and 2.544–5.670 × 0.6012MEc, respectively. Finally, they show how to calculate net energy for maintenance and gain from experiments where two levels of a ration are fed and EB measured, where one level is fed and a metabolism trial is conducted, or when just a metabolism trial is conducted—but results are not consistent between designs.

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