Language, Newspeak and Logic

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
S. R. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Similar Point ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Old Friends

Some books are like parents, grandparents or old friends. They have been with us from our earliest days and one treats them almost with familiarity. They belong to one's youth and the recognition that they have been around for months and years keeps company with surprise. For philosophers such a book is A. J. Ayer's Language, Truth and Logic, first published over fifty years ago in 1936. There is a sense in which a similar point may be made about some individuals, but discretion and good manners should deter us from succumbing to the philosophical disease of pressing an analogy too far. Suffice it to say that over a period during which most English speaking philosophers were content (or perhaps constrained) to work within a context which was significantly influenced by Ayer's clear and cajoling formulation of a twentieth century of empiricism, F. C. Copleston provided one of the few distinctive alternative philosophical perspectives on major metaphysical questions. This essay will reflect upon the influence of Ayer's Language, Truth and Logic some fifty years after its publication, upon the philosophical discussion of religion and theological questions.

Hegel's Conception of the Study of Human Nature

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 32-47
Author(s):  
H. B. Acton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Dialectical Materialism ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Formal Logic ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
Dialectical Method ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Creation

It is easy to understand why Hegel's philosophy should be little studied by English-speaking philosophers today. Those who at the beginning of the twentieth century initiated the movement we are now caught up in presented their earliest philosophical arguments as criticisms of the prevailing Anglo-Hegelian views. It may now be thought illiberal to take much interest in this perhaps excusably slaughtered royal family, and positively reactionary to hanker after the foreign dynasty from which it sometimes claimed descent. Hegel was a systematic philosopher with a scope hardly to be found today, and men who, as we say, wish to keep up with their subject may well be daunted at the idea of having to understand a way of looking at philosophy which they suspect would not repay them for their trouble anyway. Furthermore, since Hegel wrote, formal logic has advanced in ways he could not have foreseen, and has, it seems to many, destroyed the whole basis of his dialectical method. At the same time, the creation of a science of sociology, it is supposed, has rendered obsolete the philosophy of history for which Hegel was at one time admired. In countries where there are Marxist intellectuals, Hegel does get discussed as the inadvertent forerunner of historical and dialectical materialism. But in England, where there is no such need or presence, there do not seem to be any very strong ideological reasons for discussing him. In what follows I shall be asking you to direct your thoughts to certain forgotten far-off things which I hope you will find historically interesting even if you do not agree with me that they give important clues for an understanding of human nature and human society.

The Problem of the Domitianic Date of Revelation

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Christian Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Apostolic Fathers ◽  
English Speaking World

In the latter half of the nineteenth century no New Testament scholar in the English speaking world was more respected than J. B. Lightfoot. His New Testament commentaries and his magisterial five volume work on the Apostolic Fathers were models of the scholarly thoroughness of British erudition coupled with the humility of Anglican piety. Their influence would reach well into the twentieth century.

Rising from the Gutter

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-92
Author(s):  
Jean Lee Cole
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
American Literature ◽  
Comic Strip ◽  
Jewish American ◽  
Lower East Side ◽  
East Side ◽  
Jewish American Literature ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
English Speaking

This chapter shows how the early comic strip was developed and then came to influence comic fiction in the early twentieth century. As the editor of the New York Journal‘s comic supplement, Rudolph Block regularized the use of panels, repetitive storylines, and caricature, resulting in the multi-panel format that defines the comic-strip genre. Block’s role in the development of the comic strip has gone largely unrecognized; as a writer of Jewish American literature, Block has been forgotten. Using the pseudonym Bruno Lessing, Block published nearly a hundred stories between 1905 and 1920 in popular magazines. These humorous stories, full of rich dialect and accompanied by vibrant illustrations, translated the multiethnic culture of the Lower East Side for a mainstream, English-speaking audience. Block represented dialect and caricature as opportunities for negotiation and play, providing ways to display identity in multiple and shifting forms.

Avant-garde

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Gammel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Radical Innovation ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Early American ◽  
Dialectical Relationship ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Different Cultures

The term "avant-garde" has a double meaning, denoting first, the historical movements that started in the late nineteenth century and ended in the 1920s and 1930s, and second, the ongoing practices of radical innovation in art, literature, and fashion in the later twentieth century (often inspired by the historical avant-garde and referred to as the neo-avant-garde). Within the context of modernism, historical avant-garde movements (such as Dada, Futurism, Vorticism, Anarchism, and Constructivism) radicalized innovations in aesthetic forms and content, while also engaging viewers and readers in deliberately shocking new ways. Locked in a dialectical relationship between the avant-garde and modernism, as Richard Murphy has written (1999: 3), the historical avant-garde accelerated the advent of modernism, which routinely appropriated and repackaged avant-garde experimentation in tamer forms. As the Latinate term "avant-garde" took root first France and Italy, and later in Germany and English-speaking countries, the trajectory of the avant-garde’s relationship with, or opposition to, modernism has been theorized in a myriad of different, even conflicting, ways across different cultures. Is the avant-garde an extension of, or a synonym for, modernism (as suggested in some early American criticism) or are the two concepts in opposition to each other (as proposed in Italian and Spanish criticism)?

The early history and development of functional endoscopic sinus surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
K J Kane
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery ◽  
Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery ◽  
Early History ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
The World ◽  
English Speaking

AbstractBackgroundThe concept of endoscopic diagnosis and procedures on the nasal cavity had been investigated for several decades in Europe in the early part of the twentieth century. It was Prof Walter Messerklinger and his assistant, Heinz Stammberger, with US colleague, David Kennedy, who brought the science and technique of functional endoscopic sinus surgery to the wider world.MethodsThe author, an English-speaking surgeon, was present at this movement from the commencement of its propagation, and has recorded the remarkable ascendency of this technique throughout the world.ConclusionThe technique revolutionised the diagnosis and management of intranasal, sinus and intracranial conditions.

Trends in Incarceration in the United States since 1880

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Cahalan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Correctional Institutions ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Drug Offenses ◽  
English Speaking

An examination of government reports on penal facilities in the United States published since 1880 reveals that the rate of incarceration in feder al, state, local, and juvenile correctional institutions has increased. The major changes in offense distribution are increases in the proportion of persons reported to be incarcerated for robbery and the proportion in carcerated for drug offenses. In the nineteenth as well as the twentieth century, persons born abroad, blacks, members of other nonwhite racial groups, and other non-English-speaking persons have constituted a large percentage of those incarcerated. Declines in the overrepresentation of the foreign born in the prisons and jails in the United States have been accom panied by increases in the proportion of black and Spanish-speaking in mates.

Hegel's Conception of the Study of Human Nature

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 32-47
Author(s):  
H. B. Acton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Dialectical Materialism ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Formal Logic ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
Dialectical Method ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Creation

It is easy to understand why Hegel's philosophy should be little studied by English-speaking philosophers today. Those who at the beginning of the twentieth century initiated the movement we are now caught up in presented their earliest philosophical arguments as criticisms of the prevailing Anglo-Hegelian views. It may now be thought illiberal to take much interest in this perhaps excusably slaughtered royal family, and positively reactionary to hanker after the foreign dynasty from which it sometimes claimed descent. Hegel was a systematic philosopher with a scope hardly to be found today, and men who, as we say, wish to keep up with their subject may well be daunted at the idea of having to understand a way of looking at philosophy which they suspect would not repay them for their trouble anyway. Furthermore, since Hegel wrote, formal logic has advanced in ways he could not have foreseen, and has, it seems to many, destroyed the whole basis of his dialectical method. At the same time, the creation of a science of sociology, it is supposed, has rendered obsolete the philosophy of history for which Hegel was at one time admired. In countries where there are Marxist intellectuals, Hegel does get discussed as the inadvertent forerunner of historical and dialectical materialism. But in England, where there is no such need or presence, there do not seem to be any very strong ideological reasons for discussing him. In what follows I shall be asking you to direct your thoughts to certain forgotten far-off things which I hope you will find historically interesting even if you do not agree with me that they give important clues for an understanding of human nature and human society.

Last Things

2020 ◽  
pp. 608-620
Author(s):  
Christopher R. J. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Reformed Theology ◽  
1 Corinthians ◽  
Beatific Vision ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Do So

Concentration on God makes Reformed theology ‘reformed’, and this concentration will form the basis for the treatment of eschatology in the present chapter. I pursue three things in this chapter. First, I provide a brief account of a few of the main themes of eschatology in Reformed perspective in conversation with the leading English-speaking Reformed theologian of the twentieth century, Thomas F. Torrance. Second, I provide a distinctive and substantial interpretation of the last things from a Reformed vantage point, arguing for the importance of God for any biblically faithful eschatology. I do so in dialogue with Calvin’s commentary on 1 Corinthians 15 and, secondarily, with Barth’s commentary on the same. Third and last, I present some avenues for future research, especially the immanent life of God and the beatific vision.

The Influence of Russian Religious Thought on Western Theology in the Twentieth Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 659-676
Author(s):  
Paul Valliere
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Karl Barth ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Religious Thought ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Russian Religious Thought ◽  
The Impact

This chapter canvasses the impact of Russian religious thought on major thinkers and movements in twentieth-century Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. Noting the unique role played by the Russian emigration that emerged in the West following the Russian Civil War (1918–1920), the chapter assesses the influence of Russian Orthodox thinkers on six streams of modern Western theology: Karl Barth and Evangelical theology, liberal Protestantism, Anglicanism, Yves Congar and early Roman Catholic ecumenism, nouvelle théologie and ressourcement, and liberation theology. The chapter argues that the most important venues of Russian influence on Western theology were the Ecumenical Movement and the Second Vatican Council. The most eminent English-speaking theologians to engage deeply with Russian Orthodox thought in the twentieth century were Jaroslav Pelikan and Rowan Williams. The chapter concludes by noting the passion for East/West unity that inspired the Russians and their Western Christian partners in the twentieth-century dialogue.

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