Iron Age bog bodies of north-western Europe. Representing the dead

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Giles
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Contextual Approach ◽  
Public Display ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
The One ◽  
Archaeological Analysis ◽  
North Western

AbstractThis paper explores the phenomenon of Iron Age bog bodies which are currently the subject of competing claims over the respectful treatment of the ancient dead. It reviews the problems associated with their discovery, identifies why they attract such attention, and critiques both traditional interpretations of bog bodies and methods of display. The paper defends their archaeological analysis, arguing that this process can radically transform our understanding of past communities: their lifeways and world views. Using British and Irish examples, it discusses how intimate emotions and social bonds are constructed between bog bodies, on the one hand, and, on the other, the professionals and public who engage with them. It contends that a more reflexive approach which foregrounds these complex relationships might help address concerns about the public display of human remains in general. It concludes by advocating broad processes of consultation as well as a contextual approach to the interpretation and display of future bog bodies.

scholarly journals Historical picture of development of early iron age in the Serbian Danube basin

Balcanica ◽  
2004 ◽  
pp. 7-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Tasic
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Historical Survey ◽  
Danube Basin ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Pannonian Plain ◽  
The One ◽  
North Western

The paper offers a historical survey of the development of Early Iron Age cultures in Danubian Serbia, its characteristics, relations with contemporary cultures of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, Carpathian Romania (Transylvania) and the Romanian Banat. It describes the genesis of individual cultures, their styles, typological features and interrelationships. Danubian Serbia is seen as a contact zone reflecting influences of the Central European Urnenfelder culture on the one hand, and those of the Gornea-Kalakaca and the Bosut-Basarabi complex on the other. The latter?s penetration into the central Balkans south of the Sava and Danube rivers has been registered in the Morava valley, eastern Serbia north-western Bulgaria and as far south as northern Macedonia. The terminal Early Iron Age is marked by the occurrence of Scythian finds in the southern Banat, Backa or around the confluence of the Sava and the Danube (e.g. Ritopek), and by representative finds of the Srem group in Srem and around the confluence of the Tisa and Danube rivers. The powerful penetration of Celtic tribes from Central Europe into the southern Pannonian Plain marked the end of the Early Iron Age.

Mediated diffusion in Iron Age Europe

Antiquity ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (325) ◽  
pp. 880-883
Author(s):  
N. James
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Complexity ◽  
Sociopolitical Development ◽  
Regional Power ◽  
The South ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Middle Iron Age ◽  
Rhone Valley ◽  
North Western

Diffusion of Mediterranean traits to central and north-western Europe during the middle Iron Age is a topic well rehearsed now by three generations of archaeologists. The stimulating recent exhibition Golasecca at the Musée d’Archéologie nationale in France, showed that – funds permitting – plenty of scope remains for research.Elaborately made imports, at for instance the Heuneburg, Vix or Hochdorf, have been interpreted as evidence for how aristocrats adopted Greek and Etruscan styles to reinforce their status and regional power between about 600 and 400 BC. Art historians revealed how their bronzesmiths responded selectively to templates from not only states to the south but also eastern nomads. Archaeologists worked out how goods were brought up the Rhône valley by the enterprising Greeks of Marseille or by the northerners themselves exploiting that colony. The ‘trade’ is thought to have encouraged development of social complexity. More recently, to demonstrate the recipients’ ‘agency’, attention has focused on potters’ responses, adoption of coinage and writing and ‘feasts’ for chiefs to show off ‘prestigious’ exotica to rivals, clients or tributaries. Similar models of trade, ‘appropriation’ and sociopolitical development have been developed for the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age and the Roman Iron Age.

What have Reconstructed Roundhouses Ever Done for Us..?

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 97-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Townend
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
The One

The reconstructed roundhouse is everywhere: on the television, in the literature, in the landscape. It has powerful currency in both the public and academic understandings of the vernacular architecture of later British prehistory, in particular for the Iron Age. However, because the focus of these reconstructions is normally on technologies and engineering principles on the one hand, or on the experience of their occupation on the other, the roundhouse reconstruction — even after more than 30 years research around them — in fact currently tells us remarkably little about the past and a great deal about who we understand ourselves to be. This paper will explore what insight roundhouse reconstructions currently do and do not give into later British prehistory and what they may be able to indicate if the act of building is taken as a theme over the technologies of their construction or the experience of their space.

scholarly journals DIGITAL ACCOUNTS AFTER DEATH: A CASE STUDY IN IRAN LAW

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 153-182
Author(s):  
Abbas Mirshekari ◽  
Ramin Ghasemi ◽  
Alireza Fattahi
Keyword(s):  
Digital Information ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
The Public ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

In recent times, cyberspace is being widely used so that everyone has a digital account. It naturally entails its own legal issues. Undoubtedly, one of the main issues is that what fate awaits the account and its content upon the account holder’s death? This issue has been neglected not only by the primary creators of digital accounts but also by many legal systems in the world, including Iran. To answer this question, we first need to distinguish between the account and the information contained therein. The account belongs to the company that creates it and allows the user to use it only. Hence, following the death of the account holder, the account will be lost but the information will remain because it was created by him/her and thus belongs to him/her. However, does this mean that the information will be inherited by the user’s heirs after his/her death? Can the user exercise his/her right to transfer account content to a devisee through a testament? Comparing digital information with corporeal property, some commentators believe that the property will be inherited like corporeal property. This is a wrong deduction because the corporeal property can disclose the privacy of the owner and third parties less than the one in cyberspace. This paper aims to show what happens to a digital account after its user passes away and examine the subject using the content analysis method in various legal systems in the world, especially in Iran as a case study. The required information is collected from law books, articles, doctrines, case laws, and relevant laws and regulations of different countries. To protect the privacy interests of the deceased and others, it is concluded that the financially valuable information published by the account holder before his/her death can be transferred to successors. As a rule, the information that may violate privacy by divulging should be removed. However, given that this information may be a valuable source in the future to know about the present, legislators are suggested to make digital information, which may no longer lead to the invasion of the decedent’s privacy, available to the public after a long time.

The Late Castro Culture of Northwest Portugal: Dynamics of Change

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco M. V. Reimäo Queiroga
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
First Century ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
The North ◽  
Excavation Work ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Coherent Picture ◽  
North Western ◽  
Northwest Iberia

The principal aim of this short chapter is to present some ideas and suggest possible directions of research concerning the development of the north-western Portuguese Iron Age, and in particular its late—and most dynamic—phase, that which coincided with Roman acculturation and conquest, towards the end of the first century BC. These processes of acculturation and conquest, and their impact on the Iron Age communities of the region, have long been the subject of discussion and indeed misunderstanding. Many unresolved questions and contradictions have blurred the construction of a coherent picture which is only now starting to take shape, though not necessarily providing definitive answers. If there was an effective military conquest, where is the evidence for the destruction of sites in the archaeological record? If the northwest was already conquered and pacified, why were the local communities building and reinforcing defensive walls? If the Romans were controlling this region, why were hillforts still being built in the traditional indigenous fashion? Generations of archaeologists, myself included, have attempted to answer some of these questions in the course of our research. The Iron Age cultures of northwest Iberia are broadly characterized by hillfort settlements built in stone, either granite or schist. These hillforts, known locally as ‘castros’, provide the name by which the culture is generally known: ‘cultura castreja’, in Portugal, or ‘cultura castrexa’ in Galicia. The word ‘castro’ obviously derives from the Latin ‘castrum’, in the sense of defended settlement. Francisco Martins Sarmento introduced this terminology following his major excavation work at the Citânia de Briteiros, from the 1870s onwards. Martins Sarmento’s excavation and survey work, combined with his remarkable capacity for observation and analysis, brought the Castro culture to widespread international attention, particularly after the Ninth International Congress of Anthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology, held in Lisbon in 1890. Despite this promising start, the Castro culture remained little known to most European archaeologists until the last few decades of the twentieth century, save for the contribution made by Christopher Hawkes (1971; 1984).

MODERN EUROPE AND THE CREATION OF THE “ISLAMIC WORLD”

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Haneda
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Actual Reality ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
European Thought ◽  
North Western

AbstractThis article attempts to demonstrate that the notion of “Islamic world” was a creation of the modern age, emanating from north-western Europe in the nineteenth century. The term incorporates two opposing ideological meanings: on the one hand, Europe representing modern, positive values is set against the Islamic world, representing pre-modern, minus values, while on the other hand, the Islamic world was the common bond among all Muslims for their solidarity and unification against European colonialism. The article goes on to investigate why, how and when precisely the two concepts of “Islamic world” were created under the influence of modern European thought. It is stressed that in much of today's discourse too we can still perceive the two different meanings of the term, and this has often led to confusion and misunderstanding in discussion. Modern historians have played a role in substantiating the ideology of the “Islamic world”, because modern historiography has often described political objectives as actual reality.

Risk assessment

1987 ◽  
Vol 92 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Gittus ◽  
M. R. Hayns
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Nuclear Power Station ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Power Station ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Mathematical Interpretation

SynopsisRisk involves consideration both of the consequences of accidents and the frequency with which the accidents occur. Indeed formally risk is equal to the product of frequency and consequences. The important question of the perception of risk by the public and by the professional is first addressed. Two tenets are proposed as being a suitable summary of the public requirement:1. If it can happen, then it must not matter.2. If it matters, then it must not happen.A mathematical interpretation is placed upon these tenets and is shown to be consistent with various professional safety targets. The tenets do not indicate what numerical values for risk would be acceptable to the public but they do show how the consequences of accidents should diminish as the frequency or likelihood of a particular accident increases. It is argued that the best way of determining what level of risk the public accepts is to be guided by statistics for man-caused accidents. These, it transpires, pose risks which are considerably greater than those implied, for example, by the professional targets for nuclear reactors. The risk posed to the public by two energy installations is summarised. The one installation, situated on Canvey Island, exports energy in the form of gas, some of which (methane) is pumped into a national gas grid. The other installation, the Sizewell “B” Pressurised Water Reactor nuclear power station has not yet been constructed, but a comprehensive risk assessment has been undertaken, the results of which are summarised. The two installations are comparable in the sense that each exports a power of the order of a million kilowatts (in the form of gas in the one case and electricity in the other). Both have been the subject of Public Inquiries. The risks posed by the Canvey installations are accepted, since they only constitute a small fraction of the risks which the public run in any case during the course of their everyday lives. The predicted risks for the PWR are smaller still. The form taken by the risks posed by both installations corresponds broadly with the two tenets. That is to say the greater the consequences the lower should be the frequency of a particular accident.

Das russische Verfassungsexperiment 1906–1918: Zum Verhältnis von Tradition und Modernität

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-115
Author(s):  
Dietmar Neutatz
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
The Public ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The One ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
The Relationship

The Russian Constitutional Experiment, 1906–1918: On the Relationship between Tradition and Modernity The revolution of 1905 turned the virtually unlimited autocracy of the Russian Empire into a constitutional monarchy. However, this experiment survived the fall of the Tsar in 1917 by only a few months and was obliged to give way to the Bolshevik dictatorship. This article investigates how far the failure of constitutionalism in Russia was due to the special circumstances surrounding the crisis of 1917, or whether it is better explained by the ill-conceived application of a notion imported from Western Europe that could not be grafted onto indigenous Russian traditions. The article discusses the competing concepts of Western-style parliamentarianism on the one hand and a ‹Russian› ideal of direct popular representation on the other (i.e. the ‹Zemskij Sobor› dating from the era before Peter the Great). It investigates the constraints within which the State Duma worked, and the social and political practice of Russian constitutionalism between 1906 and 1918, in order to analyse how deeply rooted constitutional concepts were in late Tsarist society. Special attention is paid to the following themes: the capacity of the Duma to address practical problems; the changing character of political culture; new forms of the public sphere and the growth of civil society; the relationship between parliament and the peasantry; the activities of both supporters of a parliamentary order and their right- and left-wing opponents; and finally the importance of ‹Russian›-style counter-proposals to ‹Western›-style constitutionalism during the crisis years of 1917/18.

scholarly journals Makna Kesinambungan Kampanye Green Beauty oleh Kosmetik Garnier

Koneksi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Neldy Maria Lesilolo ◽  
Rustono Farady Marta ◽  
Rewindinar Rewindinar
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Ferdinand De Saussure ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Responsible Attitude ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Real Action

The Garnier green beauty campaign conveys a message to the public through advertising media. The message is conveyed to the public regarding environmental activities that have a sustainable meaning. The green beauty campaign through advertising media shows Garnier's environmental friendly actions. Cause consumer behavior that turns into a form of responsible attitude. The purpose of this study was to determine the meaning of the sustainability of the green beauty campaign through Garnier's cosmetic advertising media. Researchers used a qualitative approach with Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotic analysis method which was signifier and signified. Methods of data collection with the method of documentation. The object of research was through the green beauty campaign advertisement and the subject of Garnier. The one-minute green beauty campaign ad is divided into seven scenes. The results of this study found the meaning of sustainability, by taking real action to become green beauty. Being green beauty is explained through verbal and non-verbal signs. Marked by each scene of the Garnier green beauty campaign advertisement, the meaning of sustainability is found. The real action starts from the production process to processing Garnier cosmetic waste.Kampanye Garnier green beauty menyampaikan pesan kepada masyarakat melalui media iklan. Pesan yang disampaikan kepada khalayak mengenai kegiatan peduli lingkungan yang memiliki makna berkesinambungan. Kampanye green beauty melalui media iklan menunjukan aksi nyata Garnier yang ramah lingkungan. Menyebabkan perilaku konsumen yang berubah menjadi wujud sikap yang bertanggung jawab. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui makna kesinambungan dari kampanye green beauty melalui media iklan kosmetik Garnier. Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode analisis semiotika Ferdinand de Saussure secara signifier dan signified. Metode pengumpulan data dengan metode dokumentasi. Objek penelitian melalui iklan kampanye green beauty dan subjek Garnier. Iklan kampanye green beauty yang berdurasi satu menit dibagi menjadi tujuh scene. Hasil Penelitian ini menemukan makna kesinambungan, dengan melakukan aksi nyata menjadi green beauty. Menjadi green beauty dijelaskan melalui tanda secara verbal dan non verbal. Ditandai melalui setiap scene iklan kampanye Garnier green beauty memiliki makna kesinambungan yang ditemukan. Aksi nyata dimulai dari proses produksi sampai pengolahan limbah kosmetik Garnier.

scholarly journals Invasive in the North: New latitudinal record for Argentine ants in Europe

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Pierre Charrier ◽  
Caroline Hervet ◽  
Claire Bonsergent ◽  
Matthieu Charrier ◽  
Laurence Malandrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Environmental Niche ◽  
Argentine Ants ◽  
The North ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Environmental Niche Models ◽  
The One ◽  
North Western ◽  
Invasion Patterns

AbstractEnvironmental niche models predict the presence of the invasive Argentine ant in north-western Europe, especially along all the French Atlantic coast. Yet, the species has never been observed North from the 45th parallel in Europe, suggesting either that current models are wrong or that Argentine ants are already spreading north inconspicuously. Here, we report a three-hectare wide colony of Argentine ants, detected in 2016 in Nantes, France, which is 300 km north of the former northern-most outdoor population of this species in Europe. COI sequencing revealed that the haplotype of this new colony is the same as the one found in the so-called Catalonian supercolony, which is distinct from the haplotype found over most of the species range in Europe. Our discovery confirms models’ predictions that Argentine ants can colonize north-western Europe and suggests that they might have already reached several other locations along the French Atlantic coast. Detection surveys should be conducted in order to assess Argentine ants’ invasion patterns in Western France, particularly in high introduction risk areas such as major cities and maritime ports.

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