scholarly journals Fluorescence-Detected Linear Dichroism of Wood Cell Walls in Juvenile Serbian Spruce: Estimation of Compression Wood Severity

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Savić ◽  
Aleksandra Mitrović ◽  
Lloyd Donaldson ◽  
Jasna Simonović Radosavljević ◽  
Jelena Bogdanović Pristov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Linear Dichroism ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Qualitative Comparison ◽  
Cellulose Fibril ◽  
Cellulose Fibrils ◽  
Picea Omorika ◽  
Serbian Spruce

AbstractFluorescence-detected linear dichroism (FDLD) microscopy provides observation of structural order in a microscopic sample and its expression in numerical terms, enabling both quantitative and qualitative comparison among different samples. We applied FDLD microscopy to compare the distribution and alignment of cellulose fibrils in cell walls of compression wood (CW) and normal wood (NW) on stem cross-sections of juvenile Picea omorika trees. Our data indicate a decrease in cellulose fibril order in CW compared with NW. Radial and tangential walls differ considerably in both NW and CW. In radial walls, cellulose fibril order shows a gradual decrease from NW to severe CW, in line with the increase in CW severity. This indicates that FDLD analysis of cellulose fibril order in radial cell walls is a valuable method for estimation of CW severity.

Deposition of Lignin in Differentiating Xylem Cell Walls of Normal and Compression Wood of Buxus microphylla var. insularis Nakai

Holzforschung ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuo Yoshizawa ◽  
Hiromi Ohba ◽  
Junko Uchiyama ◽  
Shinso Yokota
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Outer Region ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Buxus Microphylla

Summary The deposition process of lignins within differentiating xylem walls of normal and compression wood of Buxus microphylla var. insularis Nakai was examined by visible-light microspectrophotometry coupled with the Wiesner and Mäule reactions. Buxus formed compression wood on the underside of the leaning stems. The secondary walls of the vessels and fibre tracheids in compression wood showed an intense lignification in the outer region of S2 layer. The spectra of tissues after Mäule and Wiesner reactions showed absorption maxima of around 515 nm and 570 nm, respectively. In differentiating xylem cells of normal wood, lignin composed of both guaiacyl and syringyl units was deposited mainly during the S2 thickening and after formation of the S3 layer in fibre tracheids, whereas in vessels it was actively deposited mainly during the S2 thickening. In compression wood, the deposition of the lignin composed of guaiacyl units was observed for a long period from the early stages of the S2 thickening. Lignification was becoming particularly active at the outer portion of S2 layer after completion of the S2 thickening in both vessels and fibre tracheids. On the other hand, the syringyl units were deposited mainly during the S2 thickening in both cell types.

Reaction Wood Anatomy in a Vessel-Less Angiosperm Sarcandra Glabra

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruna Aiso ◽  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Yuya Takashima ◽  
Kazuya Iizuka ◽  
Shinso Yokota
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Angiosperm Species ◽  
Guaiacyl Lignin

Anatomy and lignin distribution in artificially inclined stems of Sarcandra glabra were investigated to clarify the characteristics of reaction wood (RW) in a vessel-less angiosperm species. Of the five coppiced stems studied from a single tree, two stems were fixed straight and classified as normal wood (NW) and the remaining three stems were inclined at 50 degrees from the vertical to induce the formation of the RW. Compared with NW, the lower side of the inclined samples had a relatively high compressive surface-released strain and an increase in the microfibril angle of the S2 layer of tracheids. However, no significant change was observed in the length or cell wall thickness of the tracheids. The results of Wiesner and Mäule colour reactions indicated that the amount of guaiacyl lignin in the cell walls of tracheids was increased in RW. It appears that RW in Sarcandra is formed on the lower side of inclined stems, and its anatomical characteristics and chemical composition are similar to those of the compression wood (CW) found in gymnosperm species (the so-called “CW-like RW” type).

Juvenile and Compression Wood Cell Wall Layers Differ in Lignin Structure in Norway Spruce and Scots Pine

IAWA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eija Kukkola ◽  
Pekka Saranpää ◽  
Kurt Fagerstedt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Wood Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Normal Wood

Dibenzodioxocin, an 8-ring substructure of lignin identified in the mid- 1990's, is known to occur in softwood cell walls especially in the S3-layers of normal wood. In this study the lignin substructure was immunolocalised in juvenile and mature wood as well as in different degrees of compression wood of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). In juvenile wood of Norway spruce, dibenzodioxocin was hardly present in the tracheid cell wall, while in Scots pine some dibenzodioxocin was found evenly distributed in the S2-layers. In mature normal wood, dibenzodioxocin was localised in the S3-layers in both Scots pine and Norway spruce. In contrast, in compression wood tracheids of Scots pine, where the S3-layer is not present, dibenzodioxocin was found in the S1-layers and in the outer part of the S2-layers, while in Norway spruce the innermost cell wall layer showed a strong signal. These findings support the idea that in mature wood the condensed dibenzodioxocin structure is formed in Norway spruce at the end of lignification, when the supply of monolignols and probably also hydrogen peroxide is diminishing. The reasons for Scots pine juvenile and compression wood showing a different pattern of dibenzodioxocin labelling is discussed.

Changes in xylem tissue and laccase transcript abundance associated with posture recovery in Chamaecyparis obtusa saplings growing on an incline

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saori Sato ◽  
Hideto Hiraide ◽  
Masato Yoshida ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Transcription Level ◽  
Wood Compression ◽  
Xylem Tissue

Lignin is a major component of plant cell walls and is synthesised through oxidative polymerisation of monolignols. The transcription level of laccase, an enzyme implicated in monolignol polymerisation, is higher in the tissue forming compression wood than in normal wood. Compression wood, which is a special xylem tissue that develops to reorient inclined stems, also has a higher lignin content than normal wood. In the present study, Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl. saplings were grown on an incline and the following variables were tracked for 10 weeks: posture recovery of the saplings; development of xylem tissue on the lower side of inclined stems; and the transcription level of laccase. The posture of saplings approached vertical after 8 weeks, the development of compression wood reached a peak around 6 weeks and laccase transcription was the highest after 4 weeks. These results suggest a sequence of righting mechanisms. Inclination stimulates an increase in the abundance of laccase transcript and this increase encourages the formation of compression wood. The accumulation of compression wood then causes the stem to bend upward.

Gymnomitrion fissum (Gymnomitriaceae, Marchantiophyta) — a new species with fissured leaf surface from China

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 274-280
Author(s):  
A. D. Potemkin ◽  
Yu. S. Mamontov ◽  
N. S. Gamova
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Cell Lumen ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Surface Comparison

Study of selected specimens of Gymnomitrion collected by D. G. Long in Yunnan, China, revealed a new species, G. fissum Mamontov et Potemkin, sp. nov., with a fissured leaf surface. Comparison of SEM images of the leaf surface and leaf cross sections shows that the leaf surface of G. fissum is different from that of other known species with a superficially similar leaf surface, i. e. Mylia taylorii, M. verrucosa s. l. and Trabacellula tumidula. It has fissures around the cell lumen rather than grids and perforations. Outer cell walls of Gymnomitrion fissum are much thicker than in Mylia taylorii, M. verrucosa s. l. and Trabacellula tumidula, and their outer layers tend to be partly or completely caducous. G. fissum is related to the group of species assigned to the former genus Apomarsupella.

scholarly journals Crown structure of Picea omorika trees in the plantation

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 605-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Krstic ◽  
N. Stavretovic ◽  
V. Isajev ◽  
I. Bjelanovic
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Structure ◽  
Parabolic Function ◽  
Picea Omorika ◽  
Serbian Spruce ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
Stand Conditions

The study was carried out in Serbian spruce (Picea omorika Panc/Purkyn?) plantations in the western Serbia. The paper presents results of the analysis of crown development. The following elements were analyzed: total tree height, height of the crown base, absolute and relative crown length, maximal crown diameter, coefficient of crown spreading and degree of crown girth. We discuss approaches to the modeling of tree crown growth and development, growing under favorable environmental and stand conditions, without anomalies in development. In order to establish the relationship between analyzed factors, regression analyses were applied. Data fitting was by the analytic method, by the implementation of Prodan?s functions of growth, linear and parabolic function. Received models can be used for the simulation of various growth and developing processes in forest.

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