Can Simple Group Heuristics Detect Hidden Profiles in Randomly Generated Environments?

2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Reimer ◽  
Ulrich Hoffrage
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Take The Best ◽  
Sum Score ◽  
Exchange Information ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Hidden Profile ◽  
The Individual

Research on the hidden-profile effect ( Stasser, 1992 ) has revealed that groups often fail to detect the choice alternative with the highest sum score if the individual group members’ information points to another alternative. We conducted a simulation study in which we randomly generated distributions of information such that they did or did not contain a hidden profile. The simulated groups solved the tasks by applying a unit weight linear model or a fast and frugal heuristic (Minimalist or Take The Best). Overall, a communication-based lexicographic heuristic performed best across the different environments. This fast and frugal heuristic makes cue-wise comparisons of alternatives while pooling information during group discussion. Moreover, results show that performance depends on whether group members share and exchange information on valid or on invalid cues. Directions for future research are discussed.

The Epistemology of Groups

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Lackey
Keyword(s):  
Group Level ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Normative Requirements ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Belief Justification ◽  
In Virtue Of ◽  
Trump Administration

Groups are often said to bear responsibility for their actions, many of which have enormous moral, legal, and social significance. The Trump Administration, for instance, is said to be responsible for the U.S.’s inept and deceptive handling of COVID-19 and the harms that American citizens have suffered as a result. But are groups subject to normative assessment simply in virtue of their individual members being so, or are they somehow agents in their own right? Answering this question depends on understanding key concepts in the epistemology of groups, as we cannot hold the Trump Administration responsible without first determining what it believed, knew, and said. Deflationary theorists hold that group phenomena can be understood entirely in terms of individual members and their states. Inflationary theorists maintain that group phenomena are importantly over and above, or otherwise distinct from, individual members and their states. It is argued that neither approach is satisfactory. Groups are more than their members, but not because they have “minds of their own,” as the inflationists hold. Instead, this book shows how group phenomena—like belief, justification, and knowledge—depend on what the individual group members do or are capable of doing while being subject to group-level normative requirements. This framework, it is argued, allows for the correct distribution of responsibility across groups and their individual members.

Equal Performance, Different Grade: Women’s Performance in Discussion Perceived Worse Than Men’s

2021 ◽  
pp. 014616722199221
Author(s):  
Angela R. Dorrough ◽  
Monika Leszczyńska ◽  
Sandra Werner ◽  
Lovis Schaeffer ◽  
Anna-Sophie Galley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Hidden Profile ◽  
Perceived Helpfulness

We investigate how men and women are evaluated in group discussions. In five studies ( N = 761) using a variant of a Hidden Profile Task, we find that, when experimentally and/or statistically controlling for actual gender differences in behavior, the female performance in a group discussion is devalued in comparison to male performance. This was observed for fellow group members (Study 1) and outside observers (Studies 2–5), in both primarily student (Studies 1, 4, and 5) and mixed samples (Studies 2 and 3), for different measures of performance (perceived helpfulness of the contribution, for work-related competence), across different discussion formats (preformulated chat messages, open chat), and when controlling for the number of female group members (Study 5). In contrast to our hypothesis, we did not find a moderating effect of selection procedure in that women were devalued to a similar degree in both situations with a women’s quota and without.

scholarly journals Measuring Dynamical Interdependence in Small-Group Collaborations

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-112
Author(s):  
Peter Halpin
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Mathematics Assessment ◽  
Network Structures ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Online Chat ◽  
Dynamical Network ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Group Member

This paper addresses dynamical interdependence among the actions of group members. I assume that the actions of each member can be represented as nodes of a dynamical network and then collect the nodes into disjoint subsets (components) representing the individual group members. Interdependence among group members’ actions can then be defined with reference to a K-partite network, in which the partitions correspond to the group member components. Independence among group members’ actions can be defined with reference to a network in which the group member components are disconnected from one another. The degree to which the interactions of actual groups correspond to either of these theoretical network structures can be characterized using modified versions of existing network statistics. Taking this approach, I propose a number of network-based measures of dynamical interdependence, discuss the interpretation of the proposed measures, and consider how to assess their reliability and validity. These ideas are illustrated using an example in which dyads collaborated via online chat to complete a grade 12 level mathematics assessment.

scholarly journals Social Interactions In Non-Monetary Accommodation Sharing: Host’s Motivation and Value Co-Creation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Undhan Sevisari
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Collaborative Consumption ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Personal Connections ◽  
The Individual

<p>Accommodation sharing, as collaborative consumption platforms, fosters memorable tourism experiences by allowing individuals to have direct interactions with hosts and local communities. Airbnb and CouchSurfing exemplify two of the most popular accommodation-sharing platforms, representing the distinction between monetary and non-monetary platforms. While Airbnb as a monetary accommodation sharing platform has gained much attention in the academic literature, little is known regarding CouchSurfing and its non-monetary model. Current research postulates that by the absence of financial involvement, CouchSurfing offers more intimacy and experience in the host-guest relationship. Meanwhile, shifts in tourist behaviour have determined the direction of value co-creation in the tourism industry. Together with tourism providers and other social actors, tourists are engaged in active participation and interaction to create value jointly and for all participants.  Motivated by the extant literature on accommodation sharing and value co-creation, this research contributes to the conceptualisation of value co-creation in non-monetary accommodation sharing through the perspective of the host. Taking CouchSurfing as the context, this research answers several questions: 1) what is the motivation of Indonesian CouchSurfing members to host? 2) Through what practices is value co-created between host and guest in CouchSurfing? 3) What resources are needed to co-create value in the context? 4) What value emerges from hosting in CouchSurfing?  Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 participants from Bandung, Yogyakarta, and Bali. In addition to the individual interviews, a focus group discussion with 6 participants was held in Yogyakarta. Findings from this research highlight the intrinsic, personal and emotion-based nature of hosts’ motivations to participate in Couchsurfing, including the establishment of personal connections and friendships, an opportunity to behave in altruistic ways, and the increase of knowledge through other people’s lives and experiences. To fulfil these motivations to the best possible extent, guest selection strategies were put into place by hosts, based on prior experience. The co-creational social practices then closely aligned to those motivations and are regulated by hosts’ management strategies. This ensured a positive experience, resulting in a variety of value outcomes including new knowledge, positive self-identity as well as professional opportunities.  Findings of this research also highlight the unique nature of co-creational experiences in non-monetary accommodation sharing and the unusually strong impact of motivations on all components of the value co-creation process. This research concludes with suggestions for future research and both theoretical and practical implications for harnessing intimacy and authenticity in the tourism industry.</p>

scholarly journals The Missing Side of Acculturation: How Majority-Group Members Relate to Immigrant and Minority-Group Cultures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas R. Kunst
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
Cultural Orientations ◽  
Group Members

In many countries, individuals who have represented the majority group historically are decreasing in relative size and/or perceiving that they have diminished status and power compared to those identifying as immigrants or members of ethnic minority groups. These developments raise several salient and timely issues including: (a) how majority-group members’ cultural orientations change as a consequence of increasing intercultural contact due to shifting demographics; (b) what individual, group, cultural and socio-structural processes shape these changes; and (c) the implications of majority-group members’ acculturation. Although research across several decades has examined the acculturation of individuals identifying as minority-group members, much less is known about how majority-group members acculturate in increasingly diverse societies. We present an overview of the state of the art in the emerging field of majority-group acculturation, identify what is known and needs to be known, and introduce a conceptual model guiding future research.

scholarly journals Social Interactions In Non-Monetary Accommodation Sharing: Host’s Motivation and Value Co-Creation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Undhan Sevisari
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Collaborative Consumption ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Personal Connections ◽  
The Individual

<p>Accommodation sharing, as collaborative consumption platforms, fosters memorable tourism experiences by allowing individuals to have direct interactions with hosts and local communities. Airbnb and CouchSurfing exemplify two of the most popular accommodation-sharing platforms, representing the distinction between monetary and non-monetary platforms. While Airbnb as a monetary accommodation sharing platform has gained much attention in the academic literature, little is known regarding CouchSurfing and its non-monetary model. Current research postulates that by the absence of financial involvement, CouchSurfing offers more intimacy and experience in the host-guest relationship. Meanwhile, shifts in tourist behaviour have determined the direction of value co-creation in the tourism industry. Together with tourism providers and other social actors, tourists are engaged in active participation and interaction to create value jointly and for all participants.  Motivated by the extant literature on accommodation sharing and value co-creation, this research contributes to the conceptualisation of value co-creation in non-monetary accommodation sharing through the perspective of the host. Taking CouchSurfing as the context, this research answers several questions: 1) what is the motivation of Indonesian CouchSurfing members to host? 2) Through what practices is value co-created between host and guest in CouchSurfing? 3) What resources are needed to co-create value in the context? 4) What value emerges from hosting in CouchSurfing?  Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 participants from Bandung, Yogyakarta, and Bali. In addition to the individual interviews, a focus group discussion with 6 participants was held in Yogyakarta. Findings from this research highlight the intrinsic, personal and emotion-based nature of hosts’ motivations to participate in Couchsurfing, including the establishment of personal connections and friendships, an opportunity to behave in altruistic ways, and the increase of knowledge through other people’s lives and experiences. To fulfil these motivations to the best possible extent, guest selection strategies were put into place by hosts, based on prior experience. The co-creational social practices then closely aligned to those motivations and are regulated by hosts’ management strategies. This ensured a positive experience, resulting in a variety of value outcomes including new knowledge, positive self-identity as well as professional opportunities.  Findings of this research also highlight the unique nature of co-creational experiences in non-monetary accommodation sharing and the unusually strong impact of motivations on all components of the value co-creation process. This research concludes with suggestions for future research and both theoretical and practical implications for harnessing intimacy and authenticity in the tourism industry.</p>

A Proposed Framework for Behavioral Accounting Research

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob G. Birnberg
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Behavioral Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavioral Accounting ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Accounting Research ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Similar Issue

ABSTRACT: Behavioral accounting research (BAR) is richer today, in the topics covered, the methods used, and the range of sub-areas of accounting in which it is performed, than ever before. This paper offers a framework within which BAR literature can be viewed as a whole rather than in segments, such as by accounting sub-areas or by research method. The framework classifies BAR by the focus of the research: the individual, group, organization, or the society within which accounting exists. The purpose of the framework is to help researchers in BAR to appreciate the insights to their research questions that can be found in BAR using another research method or studying a similar issue in another sub-area of accounting. Existing research in each of these four areas is discussed to illustrate the usefulness of the framework. In addition, behavioral research in other disciplines that could impact BAR and areas of potential future research are discussed.

Modeling Collaborative and Individual Work Sequences to Improve Information Integration in Hidden Profile Tasks

2007 ◽  
Vol 215 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Piontkowski ◽  
Wolfgang Keil ◽  
Juliane Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Information Pooling ◽  
Exchange Information ◽  
Task Processing ◽  
Hidden Profile ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Complex Coordination

Information exchange and decision making on the group level require complex coordination, which often causes process losses. The present study proposes a sequential model of group task processing that integrates the approaches of Bales, Hollingshead, and McGrath, as well as Dennis and Valacich. It is designed to analyze how hidden profile tasks are processed and to guide information pooling and decision making on the individual and group levels. Further, an experiment was conducted to validate the assumptions of the model. Results show that the use of a group support system that implements a sequential structuring positively affected information exchange, information integration, and prediscussion preferences.

scholarly journals Defending Joint Acceptance Accounts of Justification

Episteme ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Lukas Schwengerer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Group ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Group Acceptance

Abstract Jennifer Lackey (2016) challenged group acceptance accounts of justification by arguing that these accounts make the possession of evidence arbitrary and hence lead to illegitimate manipulation of the group's evidence. She proposes that the only way out is to rely on the epistemic propriety of the individual group members, which leads to a dilemma for group acceptance views: either they are wrong about justification, or they cease to rely only on group acceptances. I argue that there is a third option based on general expectations of epistemic propriety that restricts the group's maximal justification. A group cannot be more justified than any individual in the group's position could be expected to be. I motivate this solution by a discussion of normative defeat and epistemic expectations as proposed by Goldberg (2018).

scholarly journals Preprint: When Does Group Information Influence the Automatic and Deliberate Judgment of Individual Group Members?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayan Navon ◽  
Yoav Bar-Anan
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Group Information ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individuating Information

According to some impression formation theories, when people perceive an individual member of a social group, the information about the group is activated more spontaneously and easily than information specific to the individual. Therefore, the judgment of individual group members might be more sensitive to group information (relatively to individuating information) the more automatic (fast, unintentional, and effortless) the judgment is. We tested this premise with a minimalistic impression formation paradigm that provided evaluative information about eight individuals and assigned them to two novel groups. In one group, three members behaved positively, and one member behaved negatively. In the other group, three members behaved negatively and one positively. In seven main experiments and 12 auxiliary experiments, we examined whether people’s automatic (but not deliberate) judgment of the atypical group members would be determined by the valence of the typical behavior in the group (group information) or the valence of the typical behaviors of that person (individuating information). Individuating information had a larger effect on automatic and deliberate evaluation than group information. The relative effect of group information (vs. individuating information) was slightly stronger on automatic than on deliberate judgment. This discrepancy increased when we increased the salience of group membership upon judgment, or when participants belonged to one of the groups. Our findings suggest that, inherently, automatic judgment of individuals is only slightly more biased than deliberate judgment by group information. Yet, under circumstances that are common in everyday life, that bias increases in automatic but not in deliberate judgment.

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