Disfluent, But Fast

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 346-354
Author(s):  
Štěpán Bahník
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Processing Fluency ◽  
Retrieval Fluency ◽  
Decision Times

Abstract. Processing fluency, a metacognitive feeling of ease of cognitive processing, serves as a cue in various types of judgments. Processing fluency is sometimes evaluated by response times, with shorter response times indicating higher fluency. The present study examined existence of the opposite association; that is, it tested whether disfluency may lead to faster decision times when it serves as a strong cue in judgment. Retrieval fluency was manipulated in an experiment using previous presentation and phonological fluency by varying pronounceability of pseudowords. Participants liked easy-to-pronounce and previously presented words more. Importantly, their decisions were faster for hard-to-pronounce and easy-to-pronounce pseudowords than for pseudowords moderate in pronounceability. The results thus showed an inverted-U shaped relationship between fluency and decision times. The findings suggest that disfluency can lead to faster decision times and thus demonstrate the importance of separating different processes comprising judgment when response times are used as a measure of processing fluency.

scholarly journals Disfluent, but fast

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Štěpán Bahník
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Processing Fluency ◽  
Retrieval Fluency ◽  
Decision Times

Processing fluency, a metacognitive feeling of ease of cognitive processing, serves as a cue in various types of judgments. Response times are sometimes used for evaluation of fluency of a cognitive process; that is, shorter response times are said to indicate fluency. The present study tested whether disfluency may lead to faster decision times when it serves as a strong cue in judgment. Retrieval fluency was manipulated using previous presentation and phonological fluency by varying pronounceability of pseudowords. Both retrieval and phonological fluency increased liking of pseudowords. Furthermore, the results showed the predicted inverted-U shaped relationship between pronounceability and decision times. Decisions were faster for disfluent and fluent pseudowords than for moderately fluent pseudowords. The present study thus demonstrates the importance of separating different processes comprising judgment when response times are used as a proxy for processing fluency.

The S-SH Confusion Test and the Effects of Frequency Lowering

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1486-1505
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Nonlinear Frequency ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Frequency Compression ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Minimal Word ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Negative Side Effects

PurposeFrequency lowering in hearing aids can cause listeners to perceive [s] as [ʃ]. The S-SH Confusion Test, which consists of 66 minimal word pairs spoken by 6 female talkers, was designed to help clinicians and researchers document these negative side effects. This study's purpose was to use this new test to evaluate the hypothesis that these confusions will increase to the extent that low frequencies are altered.MethodTwenty-one listeners with normal hearing were each tested on 7 conditions. Three were control conditions that were low-pass filtered at 3.3, 5.0, and 9.1 kHz. Four conditions were processed with nonlinear frequency compression (NFC): 2 had a 3.3-kHz maximum audible output frequency (MAOF), with a start frequency (SF) of 1.6 or 2.2 kHz; 2 had a 5.0-kHz MAOF, with an SF of 1.6 or 4.0 kHz. Listeners' responses were analyzed using concepts from signal detection theory. Response times were also collected as a measure of cognitive processing.ResultsOverall, [s] for [ʃ] confusions were minimal. As predicted, [ʃ] for [s] confusions increased for NFC conditions with a lower versus higher MAOF and with a lower versus higher SF. Response times for trials with correct [s] responses were shortest for the 9.1-kHz control and increased for the 5.0- and 3.3-kHz controls. NFC response times were also significantly longer as MAOF and SF decreased. The NFC condition with the highest MAOF and SF had statistically shorter response times than its control condition, indicating that, under some circumstances, NFC may ease cognitive processing.ConclusionsLarge differences in the S-SH Confusion Test across frequency-lowering conditions show that it can be used to document a major negative side effect associated with frequency lowering. Smaller but significant differences in response times for correct [s] trials indicate that NFC can help or hinder cognitive processing, depending on its settings.

Homography and Polysemy as Factors in Bilingual Word Recognition

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Klein ◽  
Estelle Ann Doctor
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Bilingual Memory ◽  
Lexical Decisions ◽  
Interlingual Homographs ◽  
Decision Times

This study reports an experiment which examines semantic representation in lexical decisions as a source of interconnection between words in bilingual memory. Lexical decision times were compared for interlingual polysemes such as HAND which share spelling and meaning in both languages, and interlingual homographs such as KIND which share spelling but not meaning. The main result was faster “response times for polysemes than for interlingual homographs. Current theories of monolingual word recognition and bilingual semantic representation are discussed, and the findings are accommodated within the model of bilingual word recognition proposed by Doctor and Klein.

A Method for Studying the Generalized Slowing Hypothesis in Children With Specific Language Impairment

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 418-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kail
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Specific Component ◽  
Specific Language

The present work was conducted to demonstrate a method that could be used to assess the hypothesis that children with specific language impairment (SLI) often respond more slowly than unimpaired children on a range of tasks. The data consisted of 22 pairs of mean response times (RTs) obtained from previously published studies; each pair consisted of a mean RT for a group of children with SLI for an experimental condition and the corresponding mean RT for a group of children without SLI. If children with SLI always respond more slowly than unimpaired children and by an amount that does not vary across tasks, then RTs for children with SLI should increase linearly as a function of RTs for age-matched control children without SLI. This result was obtained and is consistent with the view that differences in processing speed between children with and without SLI reflect some general (i.e., non-task specific) component of cognitive processing. Future applications of the method are suggested.

A self-paced reading (SPR) study of the effects of processing instruction on the L2 processing of active and passive sentences

2020 ◽  
pp. 136216882091402
Author(s):  
James F. Lee ◽  
Paul A. Malovrh ◽  
Stephen Doherty ◽  
Alecia Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Processing Instruction ◽  
L2 Processing ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Instructed Second Language Acquisition

Recent research on the effects of processing instruction (PI) have incorporated online research methods in order to demonstrate that PI has effects on cognitive processing behaviors as well as on accuracy (e.g. Lee & Doherty, 2019a). The present study uses self-paced reading and a moving windows technique to examine the effects of PI on second language (L2) learners’ processing of Spanish active and passive sentences to explore the effects of PI on instructed second language acquisition. One group received PI but the Control group did not. Between group comparisons on passive sentences showed changes in performance for the PI group but not the Control group with the PI group gaining in accuracy and processing speed, specifically faster response times to select the correct picture and faster reading time on passive verb forms. Within group analyses showed changes in the PI group’s performance on all dependent variables at the immediate posttest and a subsequent decline in performance at the delayed posttest (8 weeks later). We discuss the implications of our results and treatment format for classroom and hybridized instruction.

The role of need for cognition in consumers' mental imagery: a study of retail brand's Instagram

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Huang ◽  
Sejin Ha
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Processing Fluency ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Content Type

PurposeDrawn from the concepts of processing fluency and mental imagery, the present study aims to fill the void by developing the mechanism underlying consumers' cognitive processing of visually appealing digital content in social media (i.e. Instagram) of retail brands.Design/methodology/approachData were gathered using a web-based survey method with consumers residing in the USA (N = 328). Structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed to investigate the proposed hypotheses. In addition, measurement invariance and multigroup analyses were conducted to test the moderation effect of need for cognition (NFC).FindingsThe results supported the pivotal role of mental imagery when consumers process visual messages in the context of a retail brand's Instagram. Both comprehension fluency and imagery fluency positively influence mental imagery, which in turn cultivates positive attitude towards the brand. The mediating role of mental imagery is confirmed. Furthermore, individuals' NFC interacts with imagery fluency but not with comprehension fluency such that high NFC strengthens the effect of imagery fluency on mental imagery. That is, when high-NFC consumers process information on Instagram, their perceptions of ease of generating imagery likely evoke visual representation of the brand's messages on Instagram in their minds.Practical implicationsThis research provides feasible ways for brands to increase the effectiveness of digital marketing communications in social media (e.g. optimising of the contextual features of visual information and employing interactive features such as filters of social media to enhance processing fluency).Originality/valueWithin the context of digital retailing, this study provides a new perspective of consumers' imagery processing to investigate the effectiveness of visual-focussed messages.

Latent Response Times and Cognitive Processing on the FMCE

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Bonham ◽  
Charles Henderson ◽  
Mel Sabella ◽  
Leon Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Response Times

Investigating Cognitive Effort and Response Quality of Question Formats in Web Surveys Using Paradata

Field Methods ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Karem Höhne ◽  
Stephan Schlosser ◽  
Dagmar Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Web Surveys ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Response Quality ◽  
Identical Response ◽  
Question Formats

Measuring attitudes and opinions employing agree/disagree (A/D) questions is a common method in social research because it appears to be possible to measure different constructs with identical response scales. However, theoretical considerations suggest that A/D questions require a considerable cognitive processing. Item-specific (IS) questions, in contrast, offer content-related response categories, implying less cognitive processing. To investigate the respective cognitive effort and response quality associated with A/D and IS questions, we conducted a web-based experiment with 1,005 students. Cognitive effort was assessed by response times and answer changes. Response quality, in contrast, was assessed by different indicators such as dropouts. According to our results, single IS questions require higher cognitive effort than single A/D questions in terms of response times. Moreover, our findings show substantial differences in processing single and grid questions.

Response Time and Decision Accuracy for ‘No Turn on Red’ Signs

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (20) ◽  
pp. 1439-1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan A. Campbell ◽  
Jennifer A. Cowley ◽  
Christopher B. Mayhorn ◽  
Michael S. Wogalter
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Accuracy ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Sign Condition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sign Conditions ◽  
Decision Times ◽  
Proportion Correct

‘No turn on red’ signs have been the subject of traffic research in recent years because they are violated at higher rates than other signs. One reason may be due to inadequate conspicuity. This study examined response times and decision accuracy (proportion correct) following glance exposure to three different ‘No Turn on Red’ signs. Two of the ‘No Turn on Red’ signs tested are currently being used on U.S. roadways in some jurisdictions; one contains only text and the other contains a red circle with text. These were compared to a third “new” sign (Prohibition Arrow and Text). The three signs and a no-sign condition (control) were embedded into 12 different traffic scenes. Each sign and scene condition was presented for a 1 s duration and then participants responded whether they could turn right in that particular scene or not (answering yes or no). The new (Prohibition Arrow and Text) sign condition had significantly faster response times compared to the other two signs. Accuracy was approximately 90% and did not differ among sign conditions. The no-sign condition was responded to significantly slower and less accurately than the sign conditions. The new (Prohibition Arrow and Text) sign yielded better performance than the other sign conditions in scenes rated as highly cluttered. Some explanations on why the new sign benefited decision times are discussed.

Balancing Bilinguals

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1400-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn J. Kohnert ◽  
Elizabeth Bates ◽  
Arturo E. Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Mixed Condition ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Language Condition ◽  
Speed Accuracy

The present study investigated developmental changes in lexical production skills in early sequential bilinguals, in both Spanish (L1) and English (L2), exploring the effects of age, years of experience, and basic-level cognitive processing (specifically the ability to resist interference) within a timed picture-naming task. To assess resistance to interference, naming was compared in low competition (blocked-single language) vs. high competition (mixed-alternating language) conditions. Participants were 100 individuals, 20 at each of 5 different age levels (5–7, 8–10, 11–13, 14–16, & young adults). All had learned Spanish as a first language in the home, with formal English experience beginning at 5 years. Gains were made in both languages across age. However, there was a developmental crossover from Spanish dominance in the youngest children, through a period of relatively balanced Spanish and English skills in middle childhood, culminating in a clear pattern of English dominance among adolescents and young adults. Although all groups experienced a greater slowing of response times in the mixed-language condition relative to the blocked-language condition, developmental changes in the pattern of speed-accuracy trade-offs in the mixed condition can be interpreted to reflect a change in the ability to resist cognitive interference during word production.

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