ABSTRACT
The closure of the Bangong–Nujiang Tethyan Ocean (BNTO) and consequent Lhasa–Qiangtang collision is vital to reasonably understanding the early tectonic history of the Tibetan Plateau before the India-Eurasia collision. The timing of the Lhasa–Qiangtang collision was mainly constrained by the ophiolite and magmatic rocks in previous studies, with only limited constraints from the sedimentary rocks within and adjacent to the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone. In the middle segment of the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone, the Duoni Formation, consisting of a fluvial delta sequence with minor andesite interlayers, was originally defined as the Late Cretaceous Jingzhushan Formation and interpreted as the products of the Lhasa–Qiangtang collision during the Late Cretaceous. Our new zircon U-Pb data from two samples of andesite interlayers demonstrate that it was deposited during the latest Early Cretaceous (ca. 113 Ma) rather than Late Cretaceous. Systemic studies on the sandstone detrital model, heavy-mineral assemblage, and clasts of conglomerate demonstrate a mixed source of both Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes and ophiolite complex. Clasts of conglomerate contain abundant angular peridotite, gabbro, basalt, chert, andesite, and granite, and minor quartzite and gneiss clasts also exist. Sandstones of the Duoni Formation are dominated by feldspathic–lithic graywacke (Qt25F14L61 and Qm13F14L73), indicative of a mixture of continental-arc and recycled-orogen source origin. Detrital minerals of chromite, clinopyroxene, epidote, and hornblende in sandstone also indicate an origin of ultramafic and mafic rocks, while garnets indicate a metamorphosed source. Paleocurrent data demonstrate bidirectional (southward and northward) source origins. Thus, we suggest that the deposition of the Duoni Formation took place in the processes of the Lhasa–Qiangtang collision during the latest Early Cretaceous (∼ 113 Ma), and the BNTO had been closed by this time.
Late Cretaceous tectonic history of the Sierra-Salinia-Mojave arc as recorded in conglomerates of the Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene Gualala Formation, northern California