scholarly journals The time course of lexical access in speech production: A study of picture naming.

1991 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem J. M. Levelt ◽  
Herbert Schriefers ◽  
Dirk Vorberg ◽  
Antje S. Meyer ◽  
Thomas Pechmann ◽  
...  
1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Costa ◽  
Alfonso Caramazza

In this study we address the question of how lexical selection is achieved by bilingual speakers during speech production. Specifically, we test whether there is competition between the two lexicons of a bilingual during lexical access. In two picture–word interference experiments we explore the performance of two groups of bilinguals, English–Spanish and Spanish–English proficient bilinguals while naming pictures either in their L1 (Spanish) or in their L2 (Spanish). Picture naming was facilitated when the name of the picture and the distracter word were the “same”, regardless of the language in which the distracter was printed: same-language (e.g., mesa–mesa [table in Spanish]) or different-language pairs (e.g., mesa–table). The magnitude of this facilitatory effect was similar when naming in L1 (Experiment 1) and in L2 (Experiment 2). We also found that naming latencies were slower when the distracter word was semantically related to the picture's name (e.g., mesa–chair), regardless of the language in which the distracter was printed. The results suggest that there is no competition between the two lexicons of a bilingual during lexical access for production. This interpretation favors a model of lexical access in which lexical selection is language-specific both when speaking in L1 and in L2.


2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Sailor ◽  
Patricia J. Brooks ◽  
Paul R. Bruening ◽  
Liat Seiger-Gardner ◽  
Mark Guterman

The picture–word interference (PWI) task is a widely used technique for exploring effects of semantic context on lexical access. In this task, printed words are superimposed over pictures to be named, with the timing of the interfering word relative to the picture systematically manipulated. Two experiments ( N = 24 adults in each) explored the time course of effects of associates (e.g., CARROT superimposed on a picture of a rabbit) versus coordinates (e.g., CHIPMUNK superimposed on a picture of a rabbit) on naming latencies. Associates led to faster picture naming than did unrelated words, with facilitative effects occurring at stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs, in ms) ranging from –450 to 0. Coordinates led to slower naming latencies, with the interference effect restricted to SOAs of –150 and 0. The overlapping time course of associative priming and coordinate interference provides important constraints on models of lexical access in speech production.


2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 1461
Author(s):  
Alison Roberto Goncalves ◽  
Rosane Silveira

Abstract: The present study inquired whether orthography affects phonological processing of English as an L2. To do so, a lexicon that simulated opaque and transparent grapho-phonic English relations in nuclear position was developed (e.g., keet, deit, toud). Bilingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese and English were compelled to learn this new lexicon through a repeated-exposure training paradigm in which they were introduced to the lexicon phonological forms associated with their visual forms, and then to the phonological forms associated with their visual and orthographic forms. After undergoing training, subjects were tested with a Timed Picture Naming task to investigate orthographic recruitment in spoken production. Results suggested that orthography influenced naming of the trained words, indicating that the process of converting a visual input into its phono-articulatory representations for production involves orthographic activation. Such a finding was interpreted as a frequency effect of the grapho-phonic combination, which resulted in lack of skill to compute this operation in the sublexical route. Overall, the presence of orthographic effects in this task can be interpreted as evidence for such a system to function as a strategic mechanism that aids lexical encoding and, consequently, influences lexical access in initial stages of instructed language acquisition.Keywords: phonological acquisition; orthography; psycholinguistics.Resumo: Este estudo investigou se a ortografia afeta o processamento fonológico do inglês como L2. Para tal, um léxico que simulava as relações grafo-fônicas opacas e transparentes do inglês em posição nuclear (e.g., keet, deit, toud) foi desenvolvido. Bilíngues falantes de português brasileiro e de inglês participaram de um treinamento para adquirir este novo léxico com o paradigma de exposição repetida, através do qual foram introduzidas as formas fonológicas deste léxico associadas às suas formas visuais e, depois, as formas fonológicas associadas às suas formas visuais e ortográficas. Após a fase de treinamento, os participantes foram testados com uma tarefa temporalizada de nomeação de figuras para investigar efeitos do recrutamento ortográfico na produção da fala. Os resultados sugeriram que a ortografia influenciou a nomeação das palavras aprendidas no treinamento, indicando que o processo de conversão de uma representação visual para suas representações fonoarticulatórias na produção da fala em L2 envolve a ativação ortográfica. Este resultado foi interpretado como um efeito de frequência da combinação grafo-fônica, que resultou em inabilidade para executar esta operação na rota sublexical. Assim, a presença de efeitos ortográficos nessa tarefa pode ser interpretada como evidência de que o sistema ortográfico pode funcionar como um mecanismo estratégico que auxilia na codificação lexical e, consequentemente, influencia o acesso lexical nos estágios iniciais da aquisição da linguagem em meios instrucionais.Palavras-chave: aquisição fonológica; ortografia; psicolinguística.


Author(s):  
Robert J. Hartsuiker ◽  
Lies Notebaert

A picture naming experiment in Dutch tested whether disfluencies in speech can arise from difficulties in lexical access. Speakers described networks consisting of line drawings and paths connecting these drawings, and we manipulated picture name agreement. Consistent with our hypothesis, there were more pauses and more self-corrections in the low name agreement condition than the high name agreement condition, but there was no effect on repetitions. We also considered determiner frequency. There were more self-corrections and more repetitions when the picture name required the less frequent (neuter-gender) determiner “het” than the more frequent (common-gender) determiner “de”. These data suggest that difficulties in distinct stages of language production result in distinct patterns of disfluencies.


1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Allopenna ◽  
James S. Magnuson ◽  
Michael K. Tanenhaus

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Giampiccolo ◽  
Henrietta Howells ◽  
Ina Bährend ◽  
Heike Schneider ◽  
Giovanni Raffa ◽  
...  

Abstract In preoperative planning for neurosurgery, both anatomical (diffusion imaging tractography) and functional tools (MR-navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation) are increasingly used to identify and preserve eloquent language structures specific to individuals. Using these tools in healthy adults shows that speech production errors occur mainly in perisylvian cortical sites that correspond to subject-specific terminations of the major language pathway, the arcuate fasciculus. It is not clear whether this correspondence remains in oncological patients with altered tissue. We studied a heterogeneous cohort of 30 patients (fourteen male, mean age 44), undergoing a first or second surgery for a left hemisphere brain tumour in a language-eloquent region, to test whether speech production errors induced by preoperative transcranial magnetic stimulation had consistent anatomical correspondence to the arcuate fasciculus. We used navigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation during picture naming and recorded different perisylvian sites where transient interference to speech production occurred. Spherical deconvolution diffusion imaging tractography was performed to map the direct fronto-temporal and indirect (fronto-parietal and parieto-temporal) segments of the arcuate fasciculus in each patient. Speech production errors were reported in all patients when stimulating the frontal lobe, and in over 90% of patients in the parietal lobe. Errors were less frequent in the temporal lobe (54%). In all patients, at least one error site corresponded to a termination of the arcuate fasciculus, particularly in the frontal and parietal lobes, despite distorted anatomy due to a lesion and/or previous resection. Our results indicate that there is strong correspondence between terminations of the arcuate fasciculus and speech errors. This indicates that white matter anatomy may be a robust marker for identifying functionally eloquent cortex, particularly in the frontal and parietal lobe. This knowledge may improve targets for preoperative mapping of language in the neurosurgical setting.


2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
M SCHWARTZ ◽  
G DELL ◽  
N MARTIN ◽  
S GAHL ◽  
P SOBEL

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