Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Maternal- Fetal Transport of Drugs of Abuse: A Critical Review

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srikumaran Melethil
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of some oximes and associated therapeutic consequences: a critical review

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 719-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor A. Voicu ◽  
Jiri Bajgar ◽  
Andrei Medvedovici ◽  
Flavian Stefan Radulescu ◽  
Dalia Simona Miron
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Therapeutic Consequences

scholarly journals Alternative matrices in forensic toxicology: a critical review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Geraldo de Campos ◽  
Bruno Ruiz Brandão da Costa ◽  
Fabiana Spineti dos Santos ◽  
Fernanda Monedeiro ◽  
Marcela Nogueira Rabelo Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Vitreous Humor ◽  
Biological Matrices ◽  
Alternative Matrices

Abstract Purpose The use of alternative matrices in toxicological analyses has been on the rise in clinical and forensic settings. Specimens alternative to blood and urine are useful in providing additional information regarding drug exposure and analytical benefits. The goal of this paper is to present a critical review on the most recent literature regarding the application of six common alternative matrices, i.e., oral fluid, hair, sweat, meconium, breast milk and vitreous humor in forensic toxicology. Methods The recent literature have been searched and reviewed for the characteristics, advantages and limitations of oral fluid, hair, sweat, meconium, breast milk and vitreous humor and its applications in the analysis of traditional drugs of abuse and novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Results This paper outlines the properties of six biological matrices that have been used in forensic analyses, as alternatives to whole blood and urine specimens. Each of this matrix has benefits in regards to sampling, extraction, detection window, typical drug levels and other aspects. However, theses matrices have also limitations such as limited incorporation of drugs (according to physical–chemical properties), impossibility to correlate the concentrations for effects, low levels of xenobiotics and ultimately the need for more sensitive analysis. For more traditional drugs of abuse (e.g., cocaine and amphetamines), there are already data available on the detection in alternative matrices. However, data on the determination of emerging drugs such as the NPS in alternative biological matrices are more limited. Conclusions Alternative biological fluids are important specimens in forensic toxicology. These matrices have been increasingly reported over the years, and this dynamic will probably continue in the future, especially considering their inherent advantages and the possibility to be used when blood or urine are unavailable. However, one should be aware that these matrices have limitations and particular properties, and the findings obtained from the analysis of these specimens may vary according to the type of matrix. As a potential perspective in forensic toxicology, the topic of alternative matrices will be continuously explored, especially emphasizing NPS.

scholarly journals A Critical Review of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Opioid Medications Used in Avian Patients

Birds ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Evelyn Aliansyah ◽  
Hui Ting Chng ◽  
Shangzhe Xie
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Data ◽  
Muscovy Duck ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
American Kestrel ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Pavo Cristatus ◽  
Dosing Regimens ◽  
Opioid Medications

Opioid drugs are used to manage moderate to severe pain in mammals and avian species. In dosing opioids for a particular species, it is optimal to use dosing regimens based on pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics studies conducted in the same species as variability in the physiology among different species may result in differences in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Unfortunately, dosing regimens are typically extrapolated from closely related avian species or even mammals, which is unideal. Therefore, this critical review aims to collate and evaluate the dosing regimens of selected opioids: tramadol, hydromorphone, buprenorphine, butorphanol, and fentanyl, in avian species and its related safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic data. Our review found specific dosing regimens not described in the Exotic Animal Formulary for tramadol used in Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) and Hispaniolan Parrot (Amazona ventralis); hydromorphone used in Orange-winged Parrot (Amazona amazonica); buprenorphine used in Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus), American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) and Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus); and butorphanol used in Hispaniolan Parrot (Amazona ventralis), Broiler Chicken and Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus). Cockatiel appeared to not experience analgesic effects for hydromorphone and buprenorphine, and American Kestrel exhibited sex-dependent responses to opioids. The selected opioids were observed to be generally safe, with adverse effects being dose-dependent.

Semi-synthesis as a tool for broadening the health applications of bioactive olive secoiridoids: a critical review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Oliverio ◽  
Monica Nardi ◽  
Maria Luisa Di Gioia ◽  
Paola Costanzo ◽  
Sonia Bonacci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Synthetic Analogues ◽  
Health Applications ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

Semi-synthesis is an effective strategy to obtain both natural and synthetic analogues of the olive secoiridoids, starting from easy accessible natural compounds.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meperidine in healthy horses

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 855.e11-855.e12
Author(s):  
H. Trenholme ◽  
A. Hanafi ◽  
R. Reed ◽  
D. Sakai ◽  
C. Ryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics
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