Impact of carbohydrates, fat and energy density on energy intake

The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of (1) ingesting mandatory snacks v. no snacks and (2) the composition of isoenergetically-dense snacks high in protein, fat or carbohydrate, on food intake and energy intake (EI) in eight men with ad libitum access to a diet of fixed composition. Subjects were each studied four times in a 9 d protocol per treatment. On days 1–2, subjects were given a medium-fat maintenance diet estimated at 1·6 × resting metabolic rate (RMR). On days 3–9, subjects consumed three mandatory isoenergetic, isoenergetically dense (380 kJ/100 g) snacks at fixed time intervals (11.30, 15.30 and 19.30 hours). Total snack intake comprised 30 % of the subjects' estimated daily energy requirements. The treatments were high protein (HP), high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF) and no snack (NS). The order was randomized across subjects in a counterbalanced, Latin-square design. During the remainder of the day, subjects had ad libitum (meal size and frequency) access to a covertly manipulated medium-fat diet of fixed composition (fat: carbohydrate: protein, 40:47:13 by energy), energy density 550 kJ/100 g. All foods eaten were investigator-weighed before ingestion and left-overs were weighed after ingestion. Subjective hunger and satiety feelings were tracked hourly during waking hours using visual analogue scales. Ad libitum EI amounted to 13·9 MJ/d on the NS treatment compared with 11·7, 11·7 and 12·2 MJ/d on the HP, HC and HF diets respectively (F(3,21) 5·35; P = 0·007, sed 0·66). Total EI values were not significantly different at 14·6, 14·5, 15·0 and 14·2 MJ/d respectively. Snack composition did not differentially affect total daily food intake or EI. Average daily hunger was unaffected by the composition of the snacks. Only at 12.00 hours did subjects feel significantly more hungry during the NS condition, relative to the other dietary treatments (F(3,18) 4·42; P = 0·017). Body weight was unaffected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, snacking per se led to compensatory adjustments in feeding behaviour in lean men. Snack composition (with energy density controlled) did not affect the amount eaten of a diet of fixed composition. Results may differ in real life where subjects can alter both composition and amount of food they eat and energy density is not controlled.

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Reducing the Energy Density of an Entrée Decreases Children’s Energy Intake at Lunch

Journal of the American Dietetic Association ◽

10.1016/j.jada.2007.10.015 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 108 (1) ◽

pp. 41-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Kathleen E. Leahy ◽

Leann L. Birch ◽

Barbara J. Rolls

Keyword(s):

Energy Density ◽

Energy Intake

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Consumption of Foods With Higher Energy Intake Rates is Associated With Greater Energy Intake, Adiposity, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxaa344 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pey Sze Teo ◽

Rob M van Dam ◽

Clare Whitton ◽

Linda Wei Lin Tan ◽

Ciarán G Forde

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Composition ◽

Energy Density ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Asian Population ◽

High Energy ◽

High Energy Density ◽

Intake Rate ◽

Eating Rate

ABSTRACT Background Both high energy density and fast eating rates contribute to excess energy intakes. The energy intake rate (EIR; kcal/min) combines both the energy density (kcal/g) and eating rate (g/min) of a food to quantify the typical rate at which calories of different foods are ingested. Objectives We describe the EIRs of diets in a multi-ethnic Asian population, and examine relationships between the consumption of high-EIR foods and total energy intake, body composition, and cardio-metabolic risk factors. Methods Diet and lifestyle data from the Singapore Multi-Ethnic Cohort 2 (n = 7011; 21–75 y), were collected through interviewer-administrated questionnaires. The EIR for each of the 269 foods was calculated as the product of its eating rate and energy density. Multivariable models were used to examine associations between the relative consumption of foods with higher and lower EIRs and energy intake, body composition, and cardio-metabolic risks, after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, education level, physical activity, smoking status, and alcohol drinking status. Results Individuals with higher daily energy intakes and with obesity consumed a significantly larger percentage of their energy from high-EIR foods, with a smaller relative intake of lower-EIR foods. Individuals with raised serum cholesterol also consumed a significantly higher proportion of high-EIR foods, whereas those without hypertension consumed a larger percentage of energy intake from low-EIR foods. Individuals classified as having a “very high” dietary EIR had a significantly 1.3 kg higher body weight (95% CI, 0.2–1.5; P = 0.013), 0.4 kg/m2 higher BMI (95% CI, 0.03–0.8; P = 0.037), and 1.2 cm larger waist circumference (95% CI, 0.2–2.2; P = 0.010), and were more likely to have abdominal overweight (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1–1.5; P < 0.001) than those with a “low” dietary EIR. Conclusions Comparing foods by their EIRs summarizes the combined impact of energy density and eating rate, and may identify foods and dietary patterns that are associated with obesogenic eating styles and higher diet-related cardiovascular disease risk in an Asian population.

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Amylase-Treated Rice Flour Oral Rehydration Solution with Enhanced Energy Density. Ii. in Vivo Studies of Tolerance, Energy Intake, and Rehydration Efficacy in the Initial Treatment of Dehydrated Diarrhoeic Children

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/156482659601700204 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Carolina Vettorazzi ◽

Manolo Mazariegos ◽

Susana Molina ◽

Isabel de Ramirez ◽

Noel W. Solomons

Keyword(s):

Energy Density ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Initial Treatment ◽

Oral Rehydration Solution ◽

Rice Flour ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Oral Rehydration ◽

Rehydration Solution

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95 The effect of incremental dietary energy density from 13.8 to 15.9 MJ DE/kg on piglet vitality and growth to weaning

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.098 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 54-54

Author(s):

Hazel B Rooney ◽

Keelin O’Driscoll ◽

John O’Doherty ◽

Peadar Lawlor

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Energy Density ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Glucose Concentration ◽

Blood Glucose Concentration ◽

Muscle Tone ◽

Genetic Selection ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Sow Lactation ◽

Dietary Energy Density

Abstract Genetic selection for hyper-prolificacy in sows has resulted in a significant increase in the number of piglets born alive per litter; however, a consequence has been a reduction in piglet vitality and survival. Increasing lactation dietary energy density can increase sow energy intake and the survival and growth of piglets from large litters. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of increasing sow lactation dietary energy density on piglet vitality and growth to weaning. At d 108 of gestation, sows (n = 115) were blocked by parity, BW and backfat, and randomly assigned to one of four energy density diets until weaning; 13.8, 14.5, 15.2 and 15.9 MJ DE/kg. At birth, body temperature, IUGR traits and muscle tone were recorded in piglets. At 24 h, piglet body temperature and blood glucose concentration were recorded. Piglets were weighed throughout lactation. Data were analysed using the mixed models procedure in SAS (v.9.4). Average daily energy intake was highest for sows fed 15.9 MJ DE/kg compared to sows fed 13.8, 14.5 and 15.2 MJ DE/kg (115.1 v 98.92, 102.33, 107.83MJ DE/d±1.51; P < 0.01). Piglets from sows fed 13.8 and 15.9 MJ DE/kg were more likely to have more IUGR traits and a higher muscle tone score, respectively, compared with all other treatments (P < 0.01). The 24 h body temperature was higher for piglets from sows fed 13.8 and 15.2 MJ DE/kg than piglets from sows fed 15.9 MJ DE/kg (35.47 and 35.48 v 35.22⁰C±0.05; P < 0.01). Glucose concentration was higher for piglets from sows fed 14.5 MJ DE/kg than piglets from sows fed 15.9 MJ DE/kg (4.70 v 4.15mg/ml±0.14; P < 0.01). Litter weaning weight was heaviest for sows fed 13.8 MJ DE/kg compared with sows fed 14.5 MJ DE/kg (92.90 v 84.97kg±1.59; P < 0.01). In conclusion, feeding lactating sows 15.9 MJ DE/kg increased daily sow energy intake and improved piglet development.

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