Visualization of chemical bonding in a silica-filled rubber nanocomposite using STEM-EELS

AbstractIn nanocomposites, the adhesion between nanofillers and the polymeric matrix is key to the mechanical properties. The strength and spatial distribution of the adhesive layer around the nanofillers are important, particularly the presence of chemical bonding between the nanofillers and matrix. In this work, we studied a styrene-butadiene rubber composite filled with silica nanoparticles to visualize the spatial distribution of the adhesive layer. A silane coupling agent (SCA) was added to the nanocomposite for strong adhesion. The reaction involving the SCA on the silica surface was investigated by scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Si-L2,3 spectra of the silica-filled rubber nanocomposite without the SCA were the same around the nanofillers, whereas in the nanocomposite containing the SCA the spectra were position-dependent. The spectra were fitted with the intensity profiles of the Si-L2,3 spectra of silica and SCA by multiple linear least-squares fitting. The fitting coefficients of silica and SCA were used to map the spatial distribution of the chemical bonding between silica and rubber chains. Chemical bonding was observed around the silica nanoparticles but not in the SBR matrix region, providing direct evidence of the reinforcing mechanism in the silica-filled rubber nanocomposite.

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Hybrid Silica-Based Fillers in Nanocomposites: Influence of Isotropic/Isotropic and Isotropic/Anisotropic Fillers on Mechanical Properties of Styrene-Butadiene (SBR)-Based Rubber

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13152413 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 2413

Author(s):

Mariapaola Staropoli ◽

Vincent Rogé ◽

Enzo Moretto ◽

Joffrey Didierjean ◽

Marc Michel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Silica Nanoparticles ◽

Synergetic Effect ◽

Mechanical Analysis ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Precipitated Silica ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

Styrene Butadiene

The improvement of mechanical properties of polymer-based nanocomposites is usually obtained through a strong polymer–silica interaction. Most often, precipitated silica nanoparticles are used as filler. In this work, we study the synergetic effect occurring between dual silica-based fillers in a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/polybutadiene (PBD) rubber matrix. Precipitated Highly Dispersed Silica (HDS) nanoparticles (10 nm) have been associated with spherical Stöber silica nanoparticles (250 nm) and anisotropic nano-Sepiolite. By imaging filler at nano scale through Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy, we have shown that anisotropic fillers align only in presence of a critical amount of HDS. The dynamic mechanical analysis of rubber compounds confirms that this alignment leads to a stiffer nanocomposite when compared to Sepiolite alone. On the contrary, spherical 250 nm nanoparticles inhibit percolation network and reduce the nanocomposite stiffness.

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STUDY ON NANOMORPHOLOGY OF HIGH-STRUCTURE CARBON BLACK AND ITS BOUND RUBBER BY AFM

Surface Review and Letters ◽

10.1142/s0218625x12500035 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 19 (01) ◽

pp. 1250003

Author(s):

JIAN CHEN ◽

YONGZHONG JIN ◽

JINGYU ZHANG ◽

YAFENG WU ◽

CHUNCAI MENG

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Cluster Structure ◽

Chemical Activity ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Filled Rubber ◽

Bound Rubber ◽

Styrene Butadiene ◽

High Structure

Bound rubber in carbon black (CB) filled rubber (natural rubber (NR) and styrene–butadiene rubber (SBS)) was prepared by the solvent method. The nanomorphology of CB and rubber/CB soluble rubber was observed by atomic force microscope. The results show that high-structure CB DZ13 has a "grape cluster" structure which consists of many original particles with the grain size of about 30–50 nm. Graphitizing process of CB decreases the amount of bound rubber. The NR/DZ13 soluble rubber with island–rim structure has been obtained, where the islands are DZ13 particles and the rims around the islands are occupied by NR film. But when the graphitized DZ13 particles were used as fillers of rubber, we have only observed that some graphitized DZ13 particles were deposited on the surface of the globular-like NR molecular chains, instead of the spreading of NR molecular chains along the surface of DZ13 particles, indicating that graphitized DZ13 has lower chemical activity than ungraphitized DZ13. Especially, we have already observed an interesting unusual bound rubber phenomenon, the blocked "bracelet" structure with the diameter of about 600 nm in which CB particles were blocked in ring-shaped SBS monomer.

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New insight into the flocculation behavior of hydrophilic silica in styrene butadiene rubber composites

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c5ra16406k ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (111) ◽

pp. 91262-91272 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Juqiao Su ◽

Qi Yang ◽

Dahang Tang ◽

Yajiang Huang ◽

Zhongguo Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crack Growth ◽

Crack Tip ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

Modified Silica ◽

Filled Rubber ◽

Styrene Butadiene ◽

Insight Into

We propose that modified silica filled rubber composites with moderate silica flocculation possesses preferable resistance to crack growth by the crack tip deflection mechanism.

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COMPARISON OF STRESS–SOFTENINGS IN CARBON-BLACK FILLED NATURAL RUBBER AND STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBER

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/rct.13.87964 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 86 (4) ◽

pp. 572-578 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Julie Diani ◽

Yannick Merckel ◽

Mathias Brieu ◽

Julien Caillard

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Cyclic Softening ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Amplitude Dependence ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Fatigue Lifetime ◽

Filled Rubber ◽

Filled Rubbers ◽

Styrene Butadiene

ABSTRACT The authors compared the mechanical behavior and, more precisely, the Mullins and the cyclic (post-Mullins) softenings of two filled rubbers. A crystallizing natural rubber and a noncrystallizing styrene–butadiene rubber of similar compositions resulting in similar cross-link densities and filled with 40 phr of N347 carbon-black fillers were tested in cyclic uniaxial tension at room temperature and at 85 °C. Crystallization in filled rubbers is known to increase stress at high stretch, stretch at break, cycle hysteresis, and fatigue lifetime and to reduce crack propagation. In this study, it is shown that crystallization also seems to enhance the Mullins softening (softening at the first cycle) and to favor the apparent cyclic softening. Results reveal that natural rubber shows an amplitude dependence on the cyclic softening, whereas the styrene–butadiene rubber does not. Finally, results demonstrate that studying filled rubber softening cannot help predict lifetime.

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Study on silica-based rubber composites with epoxidized natural rubber and solution styrene butadiene rubber

Polymers and Polymer Composites ◽

10.1177/0967391120971391 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 096739112097139

Author(s):

Sung Ho Song

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Rolling Resistance ◽

Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽

Rubber Matrix ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

Filled Rubber ◽

Polar Functional Groups ◽

Styrene Butadiene

Carbon black has been replaced with silica as a reinforcing filler in tire tread compounds. This change has led to lower rolling resistance and improved hysteretic losses of so-called “green tires.” However, the dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix is an important issue due to the poor compatibility of hydrophilic silica with a hydrophobic rubber matrix. Recently, some rubbers with polar functional groups that can interact with silica have been studied to improve the interaction in silica-filled rubber composites. In this work, we fabricated the silica-filled rubber composites with solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and evaluated their properties in a silica-containing rubber formulation compared to conventional SBR and NR. The silica-embedded polar rubber matrix exhibits remarkable enhancement in the modulus, tensile strength, and abrasion properties due to an efficient dispersion of the silica and improvement of interfacial interactions with the rubber matrix. The polar rubber composite exhibits an enhanced dry and wet braking and improved rolling resistance due to the improved dispersion of the silica in the rubber matrix. These results show that rubber composites prepared with polar rubbers have great potential for tire engineering applications.

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Mechanical properties and morphologies of polypropylene composites synergistically filled by styrene-butadiene rubber and silica nanoparticles

Journal of Applied Polymer Science ◽

10.1002/app.28021 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 109 (3) ◽

pp. 1654-1660 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Wei-Zhi Wang ◽

Tianxi Liu

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Silica Nanoparticles ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Polypropylene Composites ◽

Styrene Butadiene

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Shape controlled spherical (0D) and rod-like (1D) silica nanoparticles in silica/styrene butadiene rubber nanocomposites: Role of the particle morphology on the filler reinforcing effect

Polymer ◽

10.1016/j.polymer.2014.01.025 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 55 (6) ◽

pp. 1497-1506 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Roberto Scotti ◽

Lucia Conzatti ◽

Massimiliano D'Arienzo ◽

Barbara Di Credico ◽

Luca Giannini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Silica Nanoparticles ◽

Particle Morphology ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Reinforcing Effect ◽

Shape Controlled ◽

Rubber Nanocomposites ◽

Styrene Butadiene

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Enhancing the mechanical properties of styrene–butadiene rubber by optimizing the chemical bonding between silanized silica nanofiller and the rubber

Journal of Applied Polymer Science ◽

10.1002/app.26018 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 105 (2) ◽

pp. 322-332 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

A. Ansarifar ◽

L. Wang ◽

R. J. Ellis ◽

S. P. Kirtley ◽

N. Riyazuddin

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Chemical Bonding ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Silanized Silica ◽

Styrene Butadiene

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Pseudo-Elastic Analysis with Permanent Set in Carbon-Filled Rubber

Advances in Polymer Technology ◽

10.1155/2019/2369329 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

LiHong Huang ◽

Xiaoxiang Yang ◽

Jianhong Gao

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

Constitutive Model ◽

Residual Strain ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Uniaxial Tensile ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Permanent Set ◽

Cyclic Loading And Unloading ◽

Filled Rubber

Via cyclic loading and unloading tests of natural/styrene-butadiene rubber (NSBR) blends at room temperature, the effects of the stretching, rate, temperature, and volume fraction of carbon black in the filled rubber on a permanent set (residual strain) were studied. The results showed that increasing the stretching, rate, and volume fraction of carbon black and reducing the temperature yielded greater residual strain. The uniaxial tensile behaviors of composites with the Mullins effect and residual strain were simulated using the ABAQUS software according to the aforementioned data. An Ogden-type constitutive model was derived, and the theory of pseudo-elasticity proposed by Ogden and Roxburgh was used in the model. It was found that the theory of pseudo-elasticity and the Ogden constitutive model are applicable to this composite, and if combined with plastic deformation, the models are more accurate for calculating the residual strain after unloading.

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