scholarly journals Sensorimotor strategy selection under time constraints in the presence of two motor targets with different values

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoji Onagawa ◽  
Kazutoshi Kudo
Keyword(s):  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Time Constraint ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Movement Trajectory ◽  
Strategy Selection ◽  
Separation Angle ◽  
Target Condition ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Target Values

AbstractGoal-directed movements often require choosing an option from multiple potential goals under time constraints. However, there are limited studies on how humans change their time spent on decision-making and movement patterns according to time constraints. Here, we examined how sensorimotor strategies are selected under time constraints when the target values are uncertain. In the double-target condition, the values were uncertain until the movement onset and presented immediately afterwards. The behavior in this condition was compared to the single-target condition, in relation to time constraints and target-separation-angles. The results showed that the participants frequently used the choice-reaction even under tight time constraints, and their performance was consistently lower than that in the single-target condition. Additionally, in the double-target condition, differences in the movement trajectory depending on the time constraint and target-separation angle were confirmed. Specifically, the longer the time constraint, the higher the frequency of the intermediate behavior (to initiate movement toward the intermediate direction of two targets) or the change-of-mind behavior (to change the aiming target during movement). Furthermore, the smaller the target-separation angle, the higher the frequency of intermediate behavior, but the frequency of change-of-mind was not affected by the target-separation angle. These results suggest that the participants initiated the movement at an incomplete value judgment stage in some trials. Furthermore, they seemed to select a strategy to utilize the information obtained during the movement, taking into account the time constraints and target-separation angle. Our results show a consistent cognitive bias in choosing a higher value when multiple alternatives have different values. Additionally, we also suggest flexibility and adaptability in the movement patterns in response to time constraints.

scholarly journals Sensorimotor strategy selection under time constraints in the presence of two motor targets with different values

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoji Onagawa ◽  
Kazutoshi Kudo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Time Constraint ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Strategy Selection ◽  
Movement Kinematics ◽  
Target Condition ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Single Target

Abstract Goal-directed movements often require choosing an option from multiple potential goals under time constraints. However, there are limited studies on how humans change their time spent on decision-making and their movement patterns in accordance with time constraints. Here, we examined how sensorimotor strategies are selected under time constraints when the value of targets is uncertain. In the double-target condition, the values were uncertain before the start of the task and presented at the start. The behavior in this condition was compared to the single-target condition. The movement kinematics showed beneficial difference of motor patterns between the conditions when the time constraint is long. Moreover, the participants frequently used the choice-reaction even under tight time constraints, and their performance was consistently lower than that in the single-target condition. Our results suggest that there is a consistent cognitive bias to choose a higher value when there are multiple alternatives with different values.

scholarly journals Modulation of Initial Movement for Double Potential Targets With Specific Time Constraints

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoji Onagawa ◽  
Kazutoshi Kudo
Keyword(s):  
Motor Planning ◽  
Time Constraint ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Target Condition ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
Initial Movement

Abstract In goal-directed behavior, individuals are often required to plan and execute a movement with multiple competing reach targets simultaneously. The time constraint assigned to the target is an important factor that affect the initial movement planning, but the adjustments made to the starting behavior considering the time constraints specific to each target have not yet been clarified. The current study examined how humans adjusted their motor planning for double potential targets with independent time constraints under a go-before-you-know situation. The results revealed that the initial movements were modulated depending on the time constraints for potential targets. However, under tight time constraints, the performance in the double-target condition was lower than the single-target condition, which was a control condition implemented to estimate performance when one target is ignored. These results indicate that the initial movement for multiple potential targets with independent time constraints can be modified, but the planning is suboptimal.

scholarly journals Modulation of initial movement for double potential targets with specific time constraints

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoji Onagawa ◽  
Kazutoshi Kudo
Keyword(s):  
Motor Planning ◽  
Time Constraint ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Target Condition ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
Initial Movement

AbstractIn goal-directed behavior, individuals are often required to plan and execute a movement with multiple competing reach targets simultaneously. The time constraint assigned to the target is an important factor that affect the initial movement planning, but the adjustments made to the starting behavior considering the time constraints specific to each target have not yet been clarified. The current study examined how humans adjusted their motor planning for double potential targets with independent time constraints under a go-before-you-know situation. The results revealed that the initial movements were modulated depending on the time constraints for potential targets. However, under tight time constraints, the performance in the double-target condition was lower than the single-target condition, which was a control condition implemented to estimate performance when one target is ignored. These results indicate that the initial movement for multiple potential targets with independent time constraints can be modified, but the planning is suboptimal.

scholarly journals Modulation of initial movement for double potential targets with specific time constraints

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoji Onagawa ◽  
Kazutoshi Kudo
Keyword(s):  
Motor Planning ◽  
Time Constraint ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Target Condition ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
Initial Movement

Abstract In goal-directed behavior, individuals are often required to plan and execute a movement with multiple competing reach targets simultaneously. The time constraint assigned to the target is an important factor that affect the initial movement planning, but the adjustments made to the starting behavior considering the time constraints specific to each target have not yet been clarified. The current study examined how humans adjusted their motor planning for double potential targets with independent time constraints under a go-before-you-know situation. The results revealed that the initial movements were modulated depending on the time constraints for potential targets. However, under tight time constraints, the performance in the double-target condition was lower than the single-target condition, which was a control condition implemented to estimate performance when one target is ignored. These results indicate that the initial movement for multiple potential targets with independent time constraints can be modified, but the planning is suboptimal.

Properties of Saccadic Responses in Monkey When Multiple Competing Visual Stimuli Are Present

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 890-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuniharu Arai ◽  
Robert M. McPeek ◽  
Edward L. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Search Task ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Movement Trajectory ◽  
Movement Trajectories ◽  
Neural Organization ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Stereotyped Movement ◽  
Saccadic Responses

Important insights into the neural organization of the saccadic system have been gained when the usually stereotyped movement trajectories of saccades have been altered by experimental manipulation. In the present study we produced trajectory variability in monkeys by using a visual search task in which both the location and color of an odd-colored target were changed randomly trial by trial, and the number of distractors was varied on each trial. We wished to determine whether increasing the number of distractors also increased the movement trajectory variation, i.e., the amount of initial directional deviation, endpoint deviation (averaging), and curvature of saccades. Overall, saccade latencies and the proportion of saccades directed to distractors decreased as the number of homogenous distractors increased. We also found that saccades have much more dispersion in their initial direction when distractors are present in comparison to the case when only a single target without distractors appears. However, initial dispersion decreases systematically as the number of distractors increases. The percentage of averaging saccades produced in the search task was not consistently dependent on the number of distractors. A significant fraction of averaging saccades still occurred for much wider spatial separations of stimuli than in previous studies using two visual stimuli with no specified target. The curvature of saccade trajectories increased dramatically when distractors were present, but the amount of curvature was not systematically affected by the number of distractors. Errors present in saccade trajectory in the search task were only poorly compensated. We conclude that these variable saccade trajectories result from incomplete or inaccurate specification of the target when competing stimuli are present and that a smaller number of more widely spread distractors facilitate saccade variability, perhaps due to the greater difficulty of target selection.

Time Constraints of Access Control

2014 ◽  
Vol 602-605 ◽  
pp. 3791-3795
Author(s):  
Chun Yan Han ◽  
Lian Zhong Liu ◽  
Yi Fei Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Access Control ◽  
Discrete Time ◽  
Time Constraint ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Time Representation ◽  
Representation Of Time

Currently, researches on time constraints for access control are not complete. To solve this problem, this paper enriches the time constraints for access control from the following aspects: firstly, we propose a four-tuple representation of time constraint by combining discrete time representation and periodic time representation; secondly, we put forward a function of computing the time of state changing on the basis of (1); finally, aiming at conflicts detecting and resolution for time constraints, we raise an algorithm for conflicts detection and resolution based on XACML and entities overlapping detection.

scholarly journals Interactions between Identity and Emotional Expression in Face Processing across the Lifespan: Evidence from Redundancy Gains

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Yankouskaya ◽  
Pia Rotshtein ◽  
Glyn W. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Young Group ◽  
Performance Limits ◽  
Target Condition ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Facial Identity ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Divided Attention Task ◽  
Age Range

We tested how aging affects the integration of visual information from faces. Three groups of participants aged 20–30, 40–50, and 60–70 performed a divided attention task in which they had to detect the presence of a target facial identity or a target facial expression. Three target stimuli were used: (1) with the target identity but not the target expression, (2) with the target expression but not the target identity, and (3) with both the target identity and target expression (the redundant target condition). On nontarget trials the faces contained neither the target identity nor expression. All groups were faster in responding to a face containing both the target identity and emotion compared to faces containing either single target. Furthermore the redundancy gains for combined targets exceeded performance limits predicted by the independent processing of facial identity and emotion. These results are held across the age range. The results suggest that there is interactive processing of facial identity and emotion which is independent of the effects of cognitive aging. Older participants demonstrated reliably larger size of the redundancy gains compared to the young group that reflect a greater experience with faces. Alternative explanations are discussed.

Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods for Enterprise Energy Planning under the Constraint of Carbon Emissions

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 1690-1696
Author(s):  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Kai Lu ◽  
Gang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Energy Planning ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Strategy Selection ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Planning Strategy ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Selection Of

Under the constraint of carbon emissions, the selection of enterprise energy planning solutions mostly put the minimizing economic costs as a single target. Investigation and analysis are combined energy planning evaluation system with the characteristics of the enterprises. Based on the criteria of economic factors, environmental factors, and technological factors, this paper proposes an enterprise energy planning strategy selection index system. AHP and PROMETHEE are respectively used to calculate the weight of the index and to prioritize the alternatives. Finally, a certain enterprise energy planning as an example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the method, and provide some reference and guidance for the selection of enterprise energy planning solutions.

New flight plan optimisation method utilising a set of alternative final point arrival time targets (RTA constraints)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
R.I. Dancila ◽  
R.M. Botez
Keyword(s):  
Global Optimum ◽  
Time Constraint ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
Flight Trajectory ◽  
Final Point ◽  
Flight Plan ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Trajectory Optimisation

Abstract This study investigates a new aircraft flight trajectory optimisation method, derived from the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II method used for multi-objective optimisations. The new method determines, in parallel, a set of optimal flight plan solutions for a flight. Each solution is optimal (requires minimum fuel) for a Required Time of Arrival constraint from a set of candidate time constraints selected for the final waypoint of the flight section under optimisation. The set of candidate time constraints is chosen so that their bounds are contiguous, i.e. they completely cover a selected time domain. The proposed flight trajectory optimisation method may be applied in future operational paradigms, such as Trajectory-Based Operations/free flight, where aircraft do not need to follow predetermined routes. The intended application of the proposed method is to support Decision Makers in the planning phase when there is a time constraint or a preferred crossing time at the final point of the flight section under optimisation. The Decision Makers can select, from the set of optimal flight plans, the one that best fits their criteria (minimum fuel burn or observes a selected time constraint). If the Air Traffic Management system rejects the flight plan, then they can choose the next best solution from the set without having to perform another optimisation. The method applies for optimisations performed on lateral and/or vertical flight plan components. Seven proposed method variants were evaluated, and ten test runs were performed for each variant. For five variants, the worst results yielded a fuel burn less than 90kg (0.14%) over the ‘global’ optimum. The worst variant yielded a maximum of 321kg (0.56%) over the ‘global’ optimum.

Effect of Target Separation on Selective Attention

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-760
Author(s):  
R. T. Solman
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Target Condition ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Selective Processing

A visual search task, in which subjects searched circular stimulus displays for two instances of a prespecified target, was used to investigate the effects of target-separation on accuracy. When a comparison was made of the total number of targets correctly located at each separation, no significant differences were found, and this suggested that, within the range of separations (maximum of 2.53°) examined, the selective processing of the relevant items was not influenced by the distance separating them. Also, assuming that the redundancy of target items increased the probability of a target being perceived, the differences between the number of first targets correctly located and the number correct in a single target condition, were in the predicted direction. However, they failed to reach significance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document