scholarly journals Uncovering the superior corrosion resistance of iron made via ancient Indian iron-making practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Dwivedi ◽  
Jitendra P. Mata ◽  
Filomena Salvemini ◽  
Matthew R. Rowles ◽  
Thomas Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Central India ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Excellent Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Metal Treatment ◽  
Indian Tribes ◽  
Superior Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Metallurgical Processes

AbstractAncient Indian iron artefacts have always fascinated researchers due to their excellent corrosion resistance, but the scientific explanation of this feature remains to be elucidated. We have investigated corrosion resistance of iron manufactured according to traditional metallurgical processes by the Indian tribes called ‘Agaria’. Iron samples were recovered from central India (Aamadandh, Korba district, Chhattisgarh). Iron artefacts are investigated using a range of correlative microscopic, spectroscopic, diffraction and tomographic techniques to postulate the hidden mechanisms of superlative corrosion resistance. The importance of manufacturing steps, ingredients involved in Agaria’s iron making process, and post-metal treatment using metal-working operation called hot hammering (forging) is highlighted. This study also hypothesizes the probable protective mechanisms of corrosion resistance of iron. Findings are expected to have a broad impact across multiple disciplines such as archaeology, metallurgy and materials science.

COPPER ALLOY No. 954

Alloy Digest ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Iron Alloy ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Excellent Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Aluminum Iron ◽  
Copper Aluminum

Abstract Copper Alloy No. 954 is a copper-aluminum-iron alloy characterized by high strength and hardness, good resistance to fatigue and wear, and excellent corrosion resistance. It is suited for service up to 750 F. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-292. Producer or source: Copper alloy foundries.

MUELLER ALLOY 3140

Alloy Digest ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Lead Content ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Excellent Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Copper ◽  
Screw Machine

Abstract MUELLER Alloy 3140 is a high-copper alloy with moderate strength, a rich bronze color and excellent corrosion resistance. Its lead content gives it excellent machinability which makes it suitable for screw-machine applications. Its uses include many screw-machine products, decorative hardware, pickling crates and parts to resist severe atmospheric conditions. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-451. Producer or source: Mueller Brass Company.

REVERE No. 430

Alloy Digest ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Aluminum Bronze ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Excellent Corrosion Resistance

Abstract REVERE No. 430 is an aluminum bronze having high strength, excellent corrosion resistance, and high resistance to sulfuric acid. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on low and high temperature performance, and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-63. Producer or source: Revere Copper and Brass Inc..

APEX 417

Alloy Digest ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Casting Alloy ◽  
Excellent Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Magnesium Casting ◽  
Strength And Ductility

Abstract APEX 417 is an aluminum-magnesium casting alloy having high strength and ductility, excellent corrosion resistance and good dimensional stability. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness and fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Al-61. Producer or source: Apex Smelting Company.

BÖHLER L359

Alloy Digest ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Nickel Base Alloy ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Excellent Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Resistance To Stress ◽  
Nickel Base

Abstract Böhler (or Boehler) L359 is a nickel-base alloy with good resistance to stress-corrosion cracking, and excellent corrosion resistance to all types of nonuniform corrosion. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance as well as forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: Ni-700. Producer or source: Böhler-Uddeholm North America.

TUNGUM ALLOY

Alloy Digest ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Excellent Corrosion Resistance

Abstract Tungum alloy combines an unusually high strength-to-weight ratio, with ductility, excellent corrosion resistance, and good fatigue properties. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming. Filing Code: Cu-806. Producer or source: Tungum Ltd.

AMPCOLOY 525

Alloy Digest ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Nickel Alloy ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Chemical Processing ◽  
Copper Nickel Alloy ◽  
Superior Corrosion Resistance

Abstract AMPCOLOY 525 is a cast copper-nickel alloy to which norminally 1.5% iron has been added to increase its resistance to corrosion by salt water. It is recommended where superior corrosion resistance. weldability and mechanical properties are required. Among its many uses are parts that must be resistant to seawater, steam fittings and chemical processing equipment This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-380. Producer or source: Ampco Metal Inc..

ALUMINUM 214

Alloy Digest ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Aluminum Company ◽  
Excellent Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Marine Applications

Abstract Aluminum 214 is a non-heat treatable alloy containing 4% magnesium and characterized by excellent corrosion resistance and excellent weldability. It is recommended for marine applications and food processing equipment. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive and shear strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Al-141. Producer or source: Aluminum Company of America.

MALLORY 53B

Alloy Digest ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Copper Alloy ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Excellent Corrosion Resistance

Abstract MALLORY 53B is an economical copper alloy combining high strength with high heat and electrical conductivity and excellent corrosion resistance. It is heat treatable. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive strength. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and machining. Filing Code: Cu-155. Producer or source: P. R. Mallory & Company Inc..

VDM LC-NICKEL 99.2

Alloy Digest ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Excellent Corrosion Resistance

Abstract VDM LC-Nickel 99.2 is unalloyed nickel which offers excellent corrosion resistance in many alkaline media. The metal also has good mechanical, magnetic, and magnetostrictive properties. It has a reduced carbon content to avoid graphitization at temperatures above 570 deg F (300 deg C). This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Ni-502. Producer or source: VDM Technologies Corporation.

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