scholarly journals Ultrasonography of the Peripheral Nerves of the Forearm, Wrist and Hand: Definition of Landmarks, Anatomical Correlation and Clinical Implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 192 (11) ◽  
pp. 1060-1072
Author(s):  
Leonhard Gruber ◽  
Alexander Loizides ◽  
Siegfried Peer ◽  
Lisa Maria Walchhofer ◽  
Verena Spiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Anatomical Correlation ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Resolution Ultrasonography ◽  
Small Nerve

Background Peripheral nerve pathologies of the upper extremity are increasingly assessed by high-resolution ultrasonography (HRUS), yet rapid identification of nerve segments can be difficult due to small nerve diameters and complex regional anatomy. We propose a landmark-based approach to speed up and facilitate evaluation and intervention in this region. Method Relevant landmarks and section planes for eleven nerve segments of the forearm, wrist and hand were defined by ultrasonography in cadaver arms before cryosection and topographical neurovascular preparation. Information on all nerve segments and a pictorial guide including anatomical cross-sections, topographical preparations and HRUS images are provided. The identification rates of these nerve segments were then assessed in 20 healthy volunteers. Results and Conclusion Sonographic landmarks and guidelines for the rapid identification and assessment of nerves of the forearm, wrist and hand are presented in pictorial and tabular form, including discussion of normal variants. Utilizing this overview should facilitate training, diagnostic examinations and intervention for nerves of the upper extremity. Key Points:  Citation Format

Rate Constants, Reactive Flux

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Engholm Henriksen ◽  
Flemming Yssing Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Function ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Time Correlation ◽  
Time Correlation Function ◽  
Exact Expression ◽  
Reaction Cross ◽  
Dividing Surface ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Reactive Flux

This chapter discusses a direct approach to the calculation of the rate constant k(T) that bypasses the detailed state-to-state reaction cross-sections. The method is based on the calculation of the reactive flux across a dividing surface on the potential energy surface. Versions based on classical as well as quantum mechanics are described. The classical version and its relation to Wigner’s variational theorem and recrossings of the dividing surface is discussed. Neglecting recrossings, an approximate result based on the calculation of the classical one-way flux from reactants to products is considered. Recrossings can subsequently be included via a transmission coefficient. An alternative exact expression is formulated based on a canonical average of the flux time-correlation function. It concludes with the quantum mechanical definition of the flux operator and the derivation of a relation between the rate constant and a flux correlation function.

scholarly journals Protocol Deviations: A Holistic Approach from Defining to Reporting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Galuchie ◽  
Catherine Stewart ◽  
Frank Meloni
Keyword(s):  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Protocol Deviation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Investigational Agents ◽  
Or Organization ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Consistent Application

AbstractImproving interpretation of existing guidelines and management of protocol deviation processes could increase process efficiencies and help reduce noise to support rapid identification of important protocol deviations. Towards this end, TransCelerate identified key principles to build upon and clarify the definition of a protocol deviation and developed a holistic approach to protocol deviation management. The approaches are flexible to suit a variety of indications, study designs, and investigational agents while also supporting consistent application within a study, program or organization.

scholarly journals The Epidemiological Characteristics of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Europe: Focus on Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2942
Author(s):  
Giovanni Gabutti ◽  
Erica d’Anchera ◽  
Francesco De Motoli ◽  
Marta Savio ◽  
Armando Stefanati
Keyword(s):  
Social Structures ◽  
World Population ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Reporting Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Starting from December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has forcefully entered our lives and profoundly changed all the habits of the world population. The COVID-19 pandemic has violently impacted the European continent, first involving only some European countries, Italy in particular, and then spreading to all member states, albeit in different ways and times. The ways SARS-CoV-2 spreads are still partly unknown; to quantify and adequately respond to the pandemic, various parameters and reporting systems have been introduced at national and European levels to promptly recognize the most alarming epidemiological situations and therefore limit the impact of the virus on the health of the population. The relevant key points to implement adequate measures to face the epidemic include identifying the population groups most involved in terms of morbidity and mortality, identifying the events mostly related to the spreading of the virus and recognizing the various viral mutations. The main objective of this work is to summarize the epidemiological situation of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe and Italy almost a year after the first reported case in our continent. The secondary objectives include the definition of the epidemiological parameters used to monitor the epidemic, the explanation of superspreading events and the description of how the epidemic has impacted on health and social structures, with a particular focus on Italy.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Downscaling Effect and Definition of the Process Fingerprints in Micro Injection of Spiral Geometries

Micromachines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Luca ◽  
Oltmann Riemer
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Process Window ◽  
Response Variable ◽  
Process Indicators ◽  
Flow Length ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Microinjection Moulding

Microinjection moulding has been developed to fulfil the needs of mass production of micro components in different fields. A challenge of this technology lies in the downscaling of micro components, which leads to faster solidification of the polymeric material and a narrower process window. Moreover, the small cavity dimensions represent a limit for process monitoring due to the inability to install in-cavity sensors. Therefore, new solutions must be found. In this study, the downscaling effect was investigated by means of three spiral geometries with different cross sections, considering the achievable flow length as a response variable. Process indicators, called “process fingerprints”, were defined to monitor the process in-line. In the first stage, a relationship between the achievable flow length and the process parameters, as well as between the process fingerprints and the process parameters, was established. Subsequently, a correlation analysis was carried out to find the process indicators that are mostly related to the achievable flow length.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional quantification of twisting in the Arabidopsis petiole

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuta Otsuka ◽  
Hirokazu Tsukaya
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Light Sheet ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Observation Angle ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Light Sheet Microscopy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Twisting Angle

AbstractOrganisms have a variety of three-dimensional (3D) structures that change over time. These changes include twisting, which is 3D deformation that cannot happen in two dimensions. Twisting is linked to important adaptive functions of organs, such as adjusting the orientation of leaves and flowers in plants to align with environmental stimuli (e.g. light, gravity). Despite its importance, the underlying mechanism for twisting remains to be determined, partly because there is no rigorous method for quantifying the twisting of plant organs. Conventional studies have relied on approximate measurements of the twisting angle in 2D, with arbitrary choices of observation angle. Here, we present the first rigorous quantification of the 3D twisting angles of Arabidopsis petioles based on light sheet microscopy. Mathematical separation of bending and twisting with strict definition of petiole cross-sections were implemented; differences in the spatial distribution of bending and twisting were detected via the quantification of angles along the petiole. Based on the measured values, we discuss that minute degrees of differential growth can result in pronounced twisting in petioles.

scholarly journals Study on the Difficulties of Building a Service-oriented Government——A Case Study on the Satisfaction of Public Service Quality of Guizhou Province in 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 235 ◽  
pp. 02031
Author(s):  
Siyue Liu
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
The Public ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Steady Improvement ◽  
Service Oriented ◽  
Speed Up

This paper explores the difficulties of building a service-oriented government by taking the evaluation results of public service satisfaction of Guizhou province in 2019 as an example. This paper finds that building a service-oriented government is the process of improving the quality of public service in an all-round way. With the steady improvement of the public service quality in China, the public’s expectation of the public service quality has been improved by changing from the original “yes or no” to the current “good or not”. In order to speed up the construction of service-oriented government, government departments should pay attention to the change of public demand and take the comfort, richness and transparency of public service as the key points of quality improvement.

scholarly journals Comparison of Quantitative PCR (qPCR) Paenibacillus larvae Targeted Assays and Definition of Optimal Conditions for Its Detection/Quantification in Honey and Hive Debris

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franca Rossi ◽  
Carmela Amadoro ◽  
Addolorato Ruberto ◽  
Luciano Ricchiuti
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Paenibacillus Larvae ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Culture Dependent

The application of quantitative PCR (qPCR) as a routine method to detect and enumerate Paenibacillus larvae in honey and hive debris could greatly speed up the estimation of prevalence and outbreak risk of the American foulbrood (AFB) disease of Apis mellifera. However, none of the qPCR tests described so far has been officially proposed as a standard procedure for P. larvae detection and enumeration for surveillance purposes. Therefore, in this study inclusivity, exclusivity and sensitivity in detection of P. larvae spores directly in samples of honey and hive debris were re-evaluated for the previously published qPCR methods. To this aim recently acquired P. larvae sequence data were considered to assess inclusivity in silico and more appropriate non-target species were used to verify exclusivity experimentally. This led to the modification of one of the previously described methods resulting in a new test capable to allow the detection of P. larvae spores in honey and hive debris down to 1 CFU/g. The application of the qPCR test optimized in this study can allow to reliably detect and quantify P. larvae in honey and hive debris, thus circumventing the disadvantages of late AFB diagnosis based on clinical symptoms and possible underestimation of spore numbers that is the main drawback of culture-dependent procedures.

scholarly journals MAPPING LANDSLIDES IN LUNAR IMPACT CRATERS USING CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS AND DEM’S

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B6 ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Yordanov ◽  
M. Scaioni ◽  
M. T. Brunetti ◽  
M. T. Melis ◽  
A. Zinzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Chebyshev Polynomials ◽  
Slope Failure ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Mass Wasting ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Lunar Impact

Geological slope failure processes have been observed on the Moon surface for decades, nevertheless a detailed and exhaustive lunar landslide inventory has not been produced yet. For a preliminary survey, WAC images and DEM maps from LROC at 100 m/pixels have been exploited in combination with the criteria applied by Brunetti et al. (2015) to detect the landslides. These criteria are based on the visual analysis of optical images to recognize mass wasting features. In the literature, Chebyshev polynomials have been applied to interpolate crater cross-sections in order to obtain a parametric characterization useful for classification into different morphological shapes. Here a new implementation of Chebyshev polynomial approximation is proposed, taking into account some statistical testing of the results obtained during Least-squares estimation. The presence of landslides in lunar craters is then investigated by analyzing the absolute values off odd coefficients of estimated Chebyshev polynomials. A case study on the Cassini A crater has demonstrated the key-points of the proposed methodology and outlined the required future development to carry out.

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