Pharmacological investigations of six medicinal plants used traditionally in southern Africa to treat gastrointestinal nematode infections of small ruminants

Planta Medica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S1-S381 ◽  
Author(s):  
BM Sakong ◽  
M Adamu ◽  
JN Eloff ◽  
AS Ahmed ◽  
V Naidoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode

The Need for Cultivation of Medicinal Plants in Southern Africa

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. Jäger ◽  
Johannes van Staden
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Southern Africa

scholarly journals Reduction rate of nematode egg counts and third-stage larvae development from sheep and goat faeces preserved at 4οC

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. DRIMTZIA ◽  
E. PAPADOPOULOS
Keyword(s):  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Faecal Egg Counts ◽  
Larvae Development

Gastrointestinal nematode parasites cause major production losses to small ruminants. The most common way to diagnose or monitor the worm burdens in sheep and goats remains the quantitative parasitological examinations, i.e. the faecal egg counts. However, the reliability of the results of such methods depends greatly on the conditions and duration of the storage of the faecal samples prior to examination. The aim of this research was to evaluate the reduction rate and the maximum storage period, without significant losses, of nematode egg counts and third-stage larvae development from sheep and goat faeces preserved at 4οC. Towards this end, a pooled faecal sample was formed by collecting faeces from naturally infected sheep and goats (separately). Faecal egg counts and coprocultures were performed on fresh faeces and on preserved ones every week and up to 119 days post sampling. It was concluded that the preservation at 4oC, i.e. into a refrigerator, of fresh faeces from sheep and goats for parasitological examinations poses danger of misdiagnosis, if not performed in a period not exceeding 3 weeks of time. The rate of reduction of the faecal nematode egg counts starts to be significant lower than the ones performed with fresh samples, for both sheep and goats, after the third week of storage. The percentage of the gastrointestinal nematode larvae developing to the infective third–stage alters significantly for the Haemonchus genus, soon after the first week of storage (p<0.05).

Multi-species Grazing for Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes – a Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 36-37
Author(s):  
Joan M Burke ◽  
James E Miller
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Copper Tolerance ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Time Required

Abstract Multi-species grazing, alternate grazing of cattle with sheep or goats, offers benefits to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) control as GIN species differ between hosts. In the Southeastern United States, common GIN species of cattle include Cooperia spp., Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus spp., whereas species of sheep and goats are Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp., Cooperia curticei, and Oesophagostomum spp. Anthelmintic resistance is widely prevalent in small ruminants, and is an increasing problem in cattle, but remains less prevalent. Thus, it is recommended to farmers to use a multi-faceted approach of GIN control, including multi-species grazing. Because management differs between cattle and small ruminants in regard to copper tolerance in minerals, predator control and fencing, alternate grazing of species has most commonly been used. Other considerations include age or susceptibility to GIN, as young calves may be vulnerable to GIN, but mature cows often have negligible GIN infection. Similarly, weanling lambs and kids are susceptible, and depending on breed, adults range from highly resistant to susceptible. Research indicates that GIN burden of more resistant animals is less influenced by multi-species grazing, and highly susceptible animals will likely need additional measures of control. The more resistant species used in the multi-species grazing may lend more control to the more susceptible. Some research showed reductions in O. ostertagi, but not C. oncophora in cattle during extended grazing of cattle and sheep, and reductions of H. contortus and T. colubriformis in sheep. However, other research reported similar worm burdens. Weight gains were improved in lambs grazed alternately with cattle in some studies, and most studies showed little benefit to cattle. Little has been published on alternate grazing with cattle and goats. The complex interactions, larger plot sizes needed, and time required to complete experiments limits published studies of this important management scheme.

National Inventory of Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Sheep and Goats Diseasesin Benin (West Africa): Effect of Socioeconomic and Environmental Factors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esaïe TCHETAN ◽  
Pascal Abiodoun OLOUNLADE ◽  
Thierry Dehouegnon HOUEHANOU ◽  
Erick Virgile Bertrand AZANDO ◽  
Josette Afiavi KANEHO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Medicinal Species ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Agroecological Zones ◽  
Agroecological Zone

Abstract Background: Small ruminant health problems still represent a major constraint in Benin. Thus, to treat goats and sheep diseases, breeders use medicinal plants. However, little scientific work has been done on the traditional knowledge of these plants.The specific objectives of the current study were (i) to document the traditional knowledge regarding the disease groups treated and the medicinalplants used in the health and zootechnical management of small ruminants in Benin and (ii) to assess the effect of sex, ethnicity, agroecological zone and herd sizeassociatedwith them. Methods: To achieve these objectives, an ethnoveterinary survey was conducted in different agroecological zones from September 2018 to February 2019. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 506 breeders and farmers and took into account the identity of the respondents, the plants used to treat the ailmentsfor improving the productivity of sheep and goats, the parts used and the method of preparation of the recipes. The data were analyzed through the calculation the Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Fidelity Level (FL), and Consensus Factor of the Informant (CFI). Descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses were applied to our data using the software R and Minitab. The symptoms recordedfrom the respondents were categorized into 10 disorder groups using the second version of the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC). Results: Ten (10) categories of disorders were treated by the people surveyed. These are mainly disorders of the digestive system (D) (49.34%) and disorders related to pregnancy and parturition (W) (20.15%). A total of 101 species medicinal plantsbelonging to 42 families and 90 genera were recorded. The most represented families are Leguminosae (21.57%) and Euphorbiaceae (6.86%). The most cited speciesare Zanthoxylumzanthoxyloides (Lam.) Watermann, Khayasenegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss, Strigahermonthica (DeliIe) Benth. and Adansoniadigitata L. Sex, ethnicity, agroecological zone and herd size are the socioeconomic and environmental factors that influence the level of ethnoveterinary knowledge. Conclusions: Results showedthe high diversity of medicinal species used to treat small ruminant’sdiseasesin Benin. Chemical and biological analyzes are needed to test the effectiveness of the main inventoried plants. Keywords : Ethnoveterinary, sheep, goats, Benin.

scholarly journals A Review of the Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Sheep and Goats in Ghana

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Blackie
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Nematode Larvae ◽  
Parasitic Gastroenteritis ◽  
Host Influence ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

In this paper, the gastrointestinal nematode parasites infecting small ruminants (sheep and goats) in Ghana and the epidemiological factors influencing their prevalence are reviewed and discussed. Twelve nematode species belonging to six families have been reported to infect these livestock in the country with Haemonchus contortus being the most prevalent helminth parasite in both animals. Parasitic gastroenteritis is caused by mixed infection of several nematode species. Management /husbandry practices, climate and host influence are found to be the main factors that affect gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep and goats. Seasonal changes in the level of infective strongylate nematode larvae on pasture in the different agro-ecological zones of Ghana are reviewed. The number of infective larvae on pasture is reported to be directly related to the pattern of rainfall. Consequently, rainfall could be relied on to predict the rate of transmission of infection in grazing animals. Finally, the relevance of epidemiological knowledge in the development of efficient measures for controlling gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep and goats in Ghana is discussed.

Gastrointestinal nematode infection in small ruminants in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Acta Tropica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 68-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kassahun Asmare ◽  
Desie Sheferaw ◽  
Kassaye Aragaw ◽  
Mesele Abera ◽  
Berhanu Sibhat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Infection

Gastrointestinal nematode infections in small ruminants under the traditional husbandry system during the dry season in southern Ethiopia

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1111-1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahmeto Abebe ◽  
Mebrahtu Gebreyohannes ◽  
Solomon Mekuria ◽  
Fufa Abunna ◽  
Alemayehu Regassa
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Husbandry System

scholarly journals Use of herbal formulations for the treatment of circumcision wounds in Eastern and Southern Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Maroyi
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Traditional Practice ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Eastern And Southern Africa

Medicinal plants used to treat and manage circumcision wounds have remained an integral part of traditional practice in Eastern and Southern Africa. This study reviews the traditional usage of medicinal plants to treat and manage circumcision wounds in Eastern and Southern Africa. Drawing on data from Kenya, Namibia, South Africa and Tanzania, information was collected from different sources including books, theses and electronic scientific search engines such as Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, SciFinder and Google Scholar. A literature search was also undertaken focusing on medicinal plants used against circumcision wounds that demonstrated antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities in in vitro studies. Twenty-eight medicinal plants from 15 families are recorded as traditional therapies for circumcision wounds following an extensive literature search. These species used to treat and manage circumcision wounds, and as dressing after circumcision to prevent serious inflammation are mainly (64.3%) members of Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae families. Three quarters (75.0%) of these species including Acalypha ornata, Achyranthes aspera, Asparagus africanus, Boophone disticha, Brunsvigia grandiflora, Burkea africana, Colophospermum mopane, Datura stramonium, Dichrostachys cinerea, Helichrysum appendiculatum, H. foetidum, H. longifolium, H. nudifolium, H. pedunculatum, Lippia javanica, Maesa lanceolata, Ptaeroxylon obliquum, Ricinus communis, Searsia natalensis, Triumfetta rhomboidea and Vachellia nilotica have shown antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects in a set of in vitro models. Further studies are needed such as isolation of phytochemical compounds, in vivo activities, clinical and toxicological studies.

The effect of supplementary feeding in browsing Criollo kids and hair sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 261-278
Author(s):  
Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
The Tropics

SummaryThe objective was to highlight the role of supplementary feeding on resilience and resistance of browsing small ruminants against natural gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections. GIN infections have a negative impact on productivity of browsing Criollo kids especially during the wet season of Yucátan. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the threat of GIN infectivity in the native vegetation available for browsing goats. Control of GIN in browsing ruminants is threatened by the emergence of anthelmintic resistant nematodes strains in the local flocks. Browsing trials with kids and lambs have shown that supplementary feeding (100–108g/day) improved resilience and resistance of Criollo kids against GIN. Supplements used successfully include sorghum:soybean meal (74:26 respectively), maize:soybean meal (74:26) and maize only (108g/day). The later result showed that animals might benefit from supplementation with rumen fermentable energy that could improve utilization of available browsing legumes by the goats. Wet season trials showed that, in spite of supplementation, infected animals have lower productivity compared to non-infected animals. However, the combined use of supplementation and copper oxide wire particles or tactic anthelmintic treatment, can improve growth rate of infected kids to maximum production levels. Short-term supplementation strategies have shown to be less effective than long-term strategies in achieving better resilience against GIN in kids. Lambs are more resistant but less resilient against GIN infections than kids. Improved resistance of lambs seemed to require more nutrients than in goats. In conclusion, supplementary feeding can play an important role in improving both resilience and resistance of growing small ruminants in the tropics but it can be further improved through the complementary use of other strategies leading to a more sustainable integrated parasite control strategy.

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