The Concepts of Prevalence and Incidence as Applied to the Study of Development and Duration of Disease

1968 ◽  
Vol 7 (02) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kashgahian
Keyword(s):  
Mass Screening ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Disease States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Duration Of Disease ◽  
Process Methodology

The proper use of prevalence and incidence data can result in an effective way to study the history of the disease process. Methodology is given whereby the progression, duration and transition of diseases can be elucidated. Prevalence and incidence have been redefined and used in an unconventional way in view of new types of data which are being generated by mass screening projects for disease which are able to discover presymptomatic and preclinical disease states.

Screening for Disease and its Application to the Study of the Disease Process

1967 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
pp. 177-180
Author(s):  
M. Kashgarian
Keyword(s):  
Mass Screening ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Case Finding ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Duration Of Disease ◽  
Screening Procedures

The attributes, criteria and evaluation of screening procedures for the detection of disease are discussed in relation to diagnostic procedures and other case finding methods. Methods are shown utilizing prevalence and incidence data obtained from mass screening procedures which elucidate disease dynamics, progression and duration of disease processes.

Fetal interventional procedures and surgeries: a practical approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 701-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Nassr ◽  
Hadi Erfani ◽  
James E. Fisher ◽  
Oluseyi K. Ogunleye ◽  
Jimmy Espinoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Defects ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Fetal Surgery ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Fetal Intervention ◽  
Congenital Birth Defects ◽  
Fetal Malformations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Process Methodology

Abstract The identification of congenital birth defects and fetal malformations continues to increase during the antenatal period with improved imaging techniques. Understanding of how to treat specific fetal conditions continues to improve outcomes from these treatment modalities. In an effort to further improvement in this field, we provide a review that begins with a brief background of fetal surgery including the history of fetal surgery, ethics surrounding fetal surgery, and considerations of how to treat the fetus during intervention. A synopsis of the most commonly encountered disease processes treated by fetal intervention/surgery including definitions, treatment modalities, and outcomes following fetal intervention/surgery is then provided. Within the sections describing each disease process, methodology is described that has helped with efficiency and success of procedures performed at our institution.

Intraorbital Abscess: A Rare Cause of Orbit Compression

FACE ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 273250162110050
Author(s):  
Samuel Ruiz ◽  
Rizal Lim
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
External Drainage ◽  
Direct Extension ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion ◽  
Prompt Diagnosis

Introduction: Intraorbital abscess is a rare complication of rhinosinusitis that affects most commonly the pediatric population. It is thought to be caused by direct extension or venous spread of infections from contiguous sites and can lead to life-threatening complications, like permanent visual loss and cerebral abscesses. Objectives: Intraorbital abscess is a rare condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to avoid serious complications. Our objectives are to provide an overview of this rare disease process and its management including our successful treatment experience. Case Description: We present a 2 case report of a 13-year-old pediatric male and a 66-year-old male with history of chronic sinusitis who presented with a right intraorbital abscess successfully treated with external drainage with decompression of the orbit. Conclusion: When intraorbital abscess is encountered, a high index of suspicion is needed to allow prompt and accurate diagnosis for this infrequent condition. Timely surgical drainage of the abscess is needed to prevent the development of fatal complications.

Evidence that iron accelerates Alzheimer’s pathology: a CSF biomarker study

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 456-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Ayton ◽  
Ibrahima Diouf ◽  
Ashley Ian Bush
Keyword(s):  
Disease Process ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Accelerated Depreciation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Amyloid Aβ ◽  
Β Amyloid ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Alzheimer’S Pathology

ObjectiveTo investigate whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ferritin (reporting brain iron) is associated with longitudinal changes in CSF β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau.MethodsMixed-effects models of CSF Aβ1-42 and tau were constructed using data from 296 participants who had baseline measurement of CSF ferritin and annual measurement of CSF tau and Aβ1-42 for up to 5 years.ResultsIn subjects with biomarker-confirmed Alzheimer’s pathology, high CSF ferritin (>6.2 ng/mL) was associated with accelerated depreciation of CSF Aβ1-42 (reporting increased plaque formation; p=0.0001). CSF ferritin was neither associated with changes in CSF tau in the same subjects, nor longitudinal changes in CSF tau or Aβ1-42 in subjects with low baseline pathology. In simulation modelling of the natural history of Aβ deposition, which we estimated to occur over 31.4 years, we predicted that it would take 12.6 years to reach the pathology threshold value of CSF Aβ from healthy normal levels, and this interval is not affected by CSF ferritin. CSF ferritin influences the fall in CSF Aβ over the next phase, where high CSF ferritin accelerated the transition from threshold preclinical Aβ levels to the average level of Alzheimer’s subjects from 18.8 to 10.8 years.ConclusionsIron might facilitate Aβ deposition in Alzheimer’s and accelerate the disease process.

Juvenile-onset Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis in Rambouillet Sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Edwards ◽  
R. W. Storts ◽  
J. R. Joyce ◽  
J. M. Shelton ◽  
C. S. Menzies
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Juvenile Onset ◽  
Ceroid Lipofuscinosis ◽  
Disease States ◽  
The Brain

Two, 8-month-old Rambouillet half-sister ewes with signs of visual loss and decreased mentation were examined. Ewe No. 1 was necropsied at 10 months of age, and alter being held under observation for a further 6 months, ewe No. 2 was necropsied at 16 months of age. At that time, the ewe was blind and severely depressed. Both ewes had deposition of an autofluorescent lipopigment, identified as ceroid-lipofuscin, in neurons of the brain, spinal cord, eye, and dorsal root ganglia. The disease process was progressive and characterized by deposition of lipopigment with neuronal degeneration and severe fibrillary aslrogliosis. This progressive loss of neurons in the older ewe led to severe retinal degeneration. No pigment was observed in cells outside of the nervous system and eye. Controlled breeding studies have shown that this disease has an autosomal, recessive inheritance. The disease referred to here as juvenile-onset neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis of Rambouillet sheep is unlike the majority of the hereditary ceroid-lipofuscinoses that occur in human beings and animals in that only the nervous system is affected. Therefore, this disease could serve as an excellent model for the study of lipopigment deposition that affects the nervous system as a result of various disease states and during aging.

Chiari Malformation Presenting in Adults: A Surgical Experience in 127 Cases

Neurosurgery ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Joseph Levy ◽  
Laura Mason ◽  
Joseph F. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Chiari Malformation ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
History Of

Abstract We reviewed 127 patients who were operated upon for adult presentation Chiari malformation and made six conclusions: (a) The clinical examination remains crucial in the diagnosis. (b) The surgical anatomy is highly varied. (c) Syrinxes can be missed on preoperative contrast studies. (d By a conservative grading system, we determined that 46%; of the patients improved during long term follow-up. One-quarter deteriorated over the long run in spite of any treatment. (e) The overall results did not differ whether the treatment was plugging of the central canal plus decompression or decompression alone. (f) In patients with progression, plugging of the central canal obtained superior results. A review of the literature shows that the natural history of this complex disease process has not been established. This history is needed to identify the course of what may be several important factors that lead to the pathological condition in this disease.

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: MANAGEMENT OF IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 979-980
Author(s):  
Irving Schulman
Keyword(s):  
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Purpura Fulminans ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Bone Marrow Examination ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Disease States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Acute Itp

THE TERM idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) should be reserved for that hemorrhagic disorder characterized by a subnormal platelet count (usually below 50,000/cu mm) in the presence of a normal marrow containing normal or increased megakaryocytes and the absence of systemic disease capable of inducing thrombopenia. Bone marrow examination is mandatory to rule out leukemia, other infiltrative disorders, and hypoplastic and aplastic states; an L.E. preparation is indicated as are the careful search for systemic infection and renal disease and the detailed inquiry concerning drug ingestion. Although no specific antecedent event can be identified in most cases of ITP, it is recognized that some of the common childhood exanthemata may occasionally be followed by thrombocytopenic purpura (e.g., rubella, rubeola, varicella). The rational approach to treatment must be based upon understanding of the natural history of the disease. Acute ITP has an excellent prognosis and approximately 80% affected children will make a complete and permanent recovery without specific therapy. Of these, three-quarters will recover within 3 months of onset, most within 4 to 6 weeks. Approximately 20% of cases will persist longer than 6 months and are then usually designated as chronic. The mortality rate in acute ITP is extremely low and most of the urgency for treatment stems from concern over central nervous system hemorrhage. It seems clear that the incidence of CNS bleeding is no greater than 2-4% and that in most series reporting a greater incidence cases were not limited to ITP but included instances of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and purpura fulminans, i.e., disease states associated with vasculitis.

scholarly journals REVIEW ON THE CONCEPT OF SHAT KRIYAKALA

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Anu P Baby ◽  
Jigeesh PP
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Long Run ◽  
History Of Disease ◽  
Accurate Treatment ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
History Of

Diagnosis in Ayurveda is not always in terms of the name of the disease but in terms of the nature or phenomenon. This phenomenon is described in terms of Samprapti of the disease in each patient, comprising Dosha, Dushya and Adhishtana components. The prime factors in the pathogenesis of the disease are Dosha and Dushya. Shat kriyakala refers to the stage of development of a pathological process in which a physician can intervene by the most accurate treatment modality and medicine, thereby halting the progression of the disease process. By intricate understanding of the process of Shat kriyakala, the disease process could be arrested, and further complications can be avoided. In the current scenario, the concept of prevention has become broad-based. The natural history of disease is one of the significant elements of epidemiology. The course of a disease takes in individual people from its pathological onset until its eventual resolution. Natural history of disease is possible to correlate pre-pathogenesis with Sanchaya, Prakopa, Prasara and pathogenesis with Sthanasamsraya, Vyakti and Bhedavastha of Shat kriyakala. Recent studies have shown that it is possible to identify certain pre-clinical stages for many diseases like Parkinson’s disease, which can help in the early successful treatment. Shat kriyakala helps to arrest the disease process at the very early stage itself. Along with current technology, the need for research for validating the Shat kriyakala will benefit humankind in the long run.

Hickam’s dictum, Occam’s razor, and Crabtree’s bludgeon: a case of renal failure and a clavicular mass

Diagnosis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Blaser ◽  
Verity Schaye ◽  
John Hwang ◽  
Patrick Cocks ◽  
David Kudlowitz
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Normocytic Anemia ◽  
Analytic Thinking ◽  
Occam’S Razor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Atypical Presentations ◽  
Occam's Razor

Abstract Objectives Our discussant’s thoughtful consideration of the patient’s case allows for review of three maxims of medicine: Occam’s razor (the simplest diagnosis is the most likely to be correct), Hickam’s dictum (multiple disease entities are more likely than one), and Crabtree’s bludgeon (the tendency to make data fit to an explanation we hold dear). Case presentation A 66-year-old woman with a history of hypertension presented to our hospital one day after arrival to the United States from Guinea with chronic daily vomiting, unintentional weight loss and progressive shoulder pain. Her labs are notable for renal failure, nephrotic range proteinuria and normocytic anemia while her shoulder X-ray shows osseous resorption in the lateral right clavicle. Multiple myeloma became the team’s working diagnosis; however, a subsequent shoulder biopsy was consistent with follicular thyroid carcinoma. Imaging suggested the patient’s renal failure was more likely a result of a chronic, unrelated process. Conclusions It is tempting to bludgeon diagnostic possibilities into Occam’s razor. Presumption that a patient’s signs and symptoms are connected by one disease process often puts us at a cognitive advantage. However, atypical presentations, multiple disease processes, and unique populations often lend themselves more to Hickam’s dictum than to Occam’s razor. Diagnostic aids include performing a metacognitive checklist, engaging analytic thinking, and acknowledging the imperfections of these axioms.

scholarly journals Spontaneous dyskinesia and parkinsonism in never-medicated, chronically ill patients with schizophrenia: 18-month follow-up

2002 ◽  
Vol 181 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. McCreadie ◽  
R. Padmavati ◽  
R. Thara ◽  
T. N. Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Abnormal Involuntary Movements ◽  
Syndrome Scale ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chronically Ill Patients ◽  
Negative Syndrome ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundSpontaneous dyskinesia and parkinsonism have been reported in never-medicated patients with schizophrenia but there has been no previous study of the natural history of these conditions.AimsTo determine the prevalence of spontaneous dyskinesia and parkinsonism in a group of never-medicated, chronically ill patients with schizophrenia on two occasions separated by an 18-month interval.MethodDyskinesia was assessed by the Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale using Schooler and Kane criteria for its presence; parkinsonism by the Simpson and Angus scale; and mental state by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenia.ResultsThirty-seven patients were examined on two occasions. Nine (24%) had dyskinesia on both occasions, 12 (33%) on one occasion and 16 (43%) on neither occasion. Twenty-one (57%) had dyskinesia on at least one occasion. Thirteen patients (35%) had parkinsonism on at least one occasion.ConclusionsSpontaneous dyskinesia and parkinsonism fluctuate over time. The former was found on at least one occasion in the majority of patients. It is an integral part ofthe schizophrenic disease process.

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