Ruminal flora studies. VIII. The influence of rate and method of feeding a ration upon its digestibility, upon ruminal function, and upon the ruminal population

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Moir ◽  
M Somers
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Daily Ration ◽  
Distinctive Pattern ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility

A single ration made up of commercial sheep cubes (20 per cent. protein) together with oaten and lucerne chaff was fed to five sheep in five different ways. A Latin square design was used. Measurements were made on the ruminal population, the metabolism within the rumen, and the overall nitrogen balance and dry matter digestibility. Each of the different treatments resulted in a distinctive pattern in the ruminal population, pH, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acid levels. There were significant differences in dry matter digestibility and nitrogen retention. The daily ration given as a single feed gave the lowest dry matter digestibility and nitrogen retention. It also caused the greatest fall in pH values and bacterial counts, and the lowest protozoal counts. The highest ruminal ammonia nitrogen levels were also associated with this treatment. The best performance was obtained by feeding the concentrate in the morning and roughage in the afternoon, or feeding the whole ration in four equal portions at 2-hr intervals. The other two treatments – half ration morning and afternoon, or chaff in the morning and concentrates in the afternoon – gave intermediate results. Some implications of the various data are discussed, and the strong influence of feeding pattern is stressed.

scholarly journals Consumption, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in pe goats received ransum with various levels of gamal (gliricidiasepium) balance versus concentrate

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Muh. Sofyan ◽  
I G. L. O. Cakra ◽  
I G. A. A. Putra
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Fiber Consumption

The research aims to determine the consumption, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in PE goats, which has been carried out in Sidemen Village, Karangasem, Bali and in the Lab. Animal Nutrition and Feed at Udayana University. The research design used was the Latin Square Design (LSD) with treatment consisting of (P1) 55% field grass with 45% concentrate; (P2) 55% field grass with 15% Gamal and 30% concentrate; (P3) 55% field grass with 30% Gamal and 15% concentrate; (P4) 55% field grass with 45% Gamal. Research variables include consumption, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention. The results showed the consumption of dry matter and crude protein between treatments was not significantly different (P> 0.05). Crude fiber consumption of P4 treatment was significantly (P <0.05) higher than P1, but P4 was not significant (P> 0.05) higher than P2 and P3. The dry matter digestibility coefficient and crude fiber digestibility coefficient between treatments were statistically significantly different (P> 0.05). The digestibility coefficient of organic matter, crude protein digestion coefficient and nitrogen retention in the P1 treatment were not significantly (P> 0.05) higher than P2, but P1 was significantly (P <0.05) higher than P3 and P4.

UTILIZATION OF ENSILED OR ACID-TREATED HIGH-MOISTURE SHELLED CORN BY CATTLE

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. McKNIGHT ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH ◽  
D. N. MOWAT
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Matter Basis ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

Shelled corn of approximately 25% moisture was artificially dried (DC), ensiled (HMEC), or preserved either with 1.25% of a 60:40 mixture of acetic and propionic acids (HMAP) or with 1.00% propionic acid (HMP), and was examined for chemical and physical differences. Diets consisting of 66% corn (dry matter basis) were fed in a 4 × 4 latin square arrangement of treatments to four rumen and abomasal fistulated yearling heifers. High-moisture (HM) corn diets were more (P < 0.05) digestible in dry matter (77.4 vs. 74.2%) and energy (75.4 vs. 72.4%) than was the DC diet. Acid-treated corn diets had higher (P < 0.05) starch digestibility (95.6 vs. 91.7%) than DC diets. HMP diet was superior (P < 0.05) in starch digestibility to HMEC and significantly (P < 0.05) higher in nitrogen digestibility than was DC. Rumen ammonia nitrogen levels were higher (P < 0.05) on HMEC than on HMAP diet. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher total quantities of propionic and butyric acids in rumen fluid were observed on HMP diet and the quantity of total rumen volatile fatty acids tended to be higher on HMP than on other diets. Results suggest that HM corn diets move through the reticulorumen more slowly and experience greater digestion in this area than does DC diet.

The digestibility and the nitrogen, phosphorus and ash contents of the leaves of some Australian trees and shrubs

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (62) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
MN McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Lower Range ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The dry matter digestibility measured in vitro and the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and ash were determined on the leaves from mature trees of twenty-one species growing in two arboreta in southeastern Queensland and known to be grazed by animals. Most of the leaf samples had digestibilities in the lower range (68 per cent samples < 50 per cent D.M.D.) and low ash levels (65 per cent samples < 7 per cent ash). Nitrogen levels were satisfactory (86 per cent samples in range 1.5-3.0 per cent N) but the level of phosphorus tended to be low (84 per cent samples < 0.20 per cent P). Statistically significant variation between individual trees and seasons was found with some species.

scholarly journals The Effect of Multistage Ammoniation on Fiber Fraction and Digestibility of Maize Stover in vitro

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Dakaew ◽  
A. Abrar ◽  
A. Cherdthong
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Fiber Fraction ◽  
Total Volatile Fatty Acid

The main objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of multistage ammoniation on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover in vitro. Maize stover was treated by a multistage technique of different urea connect ration (8%, 4%, and 2%) and incubation for 14 days at room temperature.Digestibility of NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose, and cellulose, in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), NH3-N, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and pH concentration were observed. However treatment maize stover and multistage ammoniation maize stover were composed by using T-test student as the statistic. There were not significantly different on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover. However, multistage ammoniation decreased ADF fraction by 56.67% to45.39%. The DM digestibility of multistage ammoniation on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover also increased by 35.18 to 45.91. The total VFA and N-ammonia of multistage ammoniation on fiber fraction and digestibility of maize stover also higher than control.Keywords: Ammoniation, Digestibility, in vitro, Maize stover

Ensilage from alkali-treated roughages

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (98) ◽  
pp. 354 ◽  
Author(s):  
WR McManus ◽  
LL Grout ◽  
VNE Robinson ◽  
P Southwell-Keely ◽  
PN Woodhart
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Reaction Phase ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Naoh Treatment

Three experiments examined the chemical properties and digestibility of silage made from ground wheaten straws and a ground mature legume hay treated with alkali, the effects of type and concentration of alkali, heating during the initial alkali-reaction phase, and the effect of a grain supplement on initiation and maintenance of fermentation. All silages opened in good condition. Initial (1 1/2 hour) pH values for alkali-treated silages were high : 5% NaOH, 11.5; 1.25% NaOH, 9.1 ; 1.25% NH4OH, 9.8 c.f. 6.9 for non-alkali control silages. Final (day 41) pH values for the 4% and 5% NaOH treatment ranged from 6.24-4.86. Inclusion of grain at the start of the process generally favoured early decline in pH values at 70 hours, but had no marked effect on the resultant product at 41 days. Inclusion of grain did not appear to be warranted since, in experiment 1, substantial quantities of acetic acid (0.73-2.33 g 100 g-1 silage DM) and of lactic acid (1.08-1.50 g 100 g-1 silage DM) as well as some propionic acid were found in alkali-treated roughage ensiled alone. These values were greater than for control (no alkali) silages not receiving grain, and indicate that alkali solubilization of hemicellulose occurred, with subsequent fermentation. Alkali treatment increased the digestibility of wheat straws by 60 to 80%; but it did not alter that of alkali-treated mature siratro hay. NH4OH was less effective than NaOH in increasing silage dry matter digestibility. It was concluded that potentially useful silage can be formed from alkali-treated roughages despite the initial highly alkaline environment. The results indicate that neither heating during the main alkali reaction phase nor the inclusion of grain are necessary, either for the initiation of useful fermentation or for the formation of a useful product.

Utilization of oaten hay by cattle: effects of milling and urea supplementation

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (120) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
NG Yates ◽  
RJ Moir
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility

Oaten hay in either long or milled form, with or without a continuous intra-ruminal infusion of urea at the rate of 160 g/d, was offered ad libitum to four rumen fistulated steers in a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment. Milling increased dry matter intake from 49.2 to 65.4 g/kg LW0 75.d (P< 0.001) and decreased mean retention time from 66.7 to 54.2 h (P< 0.001). Rates of cellulose digestion and dry matter digestibilities were similar for long and milled hay. Urea increased dry matter intake (from 49.0 to 65.6 g/kg LW0 75.d; P< 0.001), dry matter digestibility (from 58.1 to 65.3%; P< 0.01) cellulose digestibility (from 48.5 to 63.1%; P< 0.01) and the rate of cellulose digestion (P< 0.001), and decreased mean retention time from 65.3 to 55.6 h ( P < 0.01). Digestible dry matter intakes increased 29% with milling and 52% with urea and the effects were additive. Urea increased digestible cellulose intake to a greater extent with milled hay (91 %) than with long hay (64%). Digestible dry matter intake was closely related to liveweight change. When urea was given liveweight gain was higher for milled hay than for long hay (0.69 vs 0.11 kg/head.d) and without urea liveweight loss was less for milled hay than for long hay (-0.07 vs -0.45 kg/head.d). Nitrogen digestibility and balance were significantly higher when urea was given. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations were significantly higher and rumen pH significantly lower with urea compared with no urea and with milled hay compared with long hay. Urea increased rumen-ammonia concentration from 1.65 to 19.68 mg1100 ml (P< 0.001) and total free bacterial concentration (P < 0.05). The results demonstrate significant and additive benefits from the administration of urea to hay containing 0.8% nitrogen and from milling through a screen size of 7.6 mm.

A note on the use of field beans (Vicia faba) for growing cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
A. Macdearmid ◽  
M. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Field Beans

SUMMARYField beans were compared with fish meal and soya bean meal as a protein source for young calves, and the effect of processing beans and barley on the digestibility of the diet was measured with older, castrated male cattle.In calves given equal nitrogen intakes, apparent nitrogen digestibility was lower with field beans than with soya bean meal or white-fish meal, but nitrogen retention (g/day and percentage of intake) in calves given beans was between that obtained with fish meal and soya bean meal. The dry-matter digestibility of diets containing 20 % whole or rolled beans together with rolled barley was 80 % but fell to 74 % if the barley was given whole.

Effects of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and capsicum on fermentation of a corn-based dairy ration in continuous culture

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
L R Tager ◽  
K M Krause
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Culture ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Continuous Culture System

A 12-unit continuous culture system was used in a complete randomized design to study the effects of no oil (CON), cinnamaldehyde oil (CIN), eugenol oil (EUG), and capsicum oil (CAP) (500 mg L-1 d -1) with a 45:55 forage:concentrate ratio (dry matter basis) ration on rumen fermentation. Dry matter digestibility did not differ among treatments. Organic matter digestibility tended to decrease with CIN. Digestibility of neutral detergent and acid detergent fiber tended to be highest with CAP. Crude protein digestibility and bacterial nitrogen flow was depressed with CIN and EUG. CIN tended to decrease microbial protein synthesis and increase effluent ammonia nitrogen. Total volatile fatty acid production did not differ among treatments; however, isovalerate production tended to be highest with CAP. CIN and EUG had higher mean pH, spent fewer hours per day and had smaller area under the curve at pH < 5.6 and 5.8. CAP had smaller area under the curve at pH < 5.6. Supplementation with these oils at the current dose had limited effects on rumen fermentation, with the majority of effects observed being mainly attributable to the very high dosage of oil used. Key words: Dairy cow, essential oil, continuous culture, rumen fermentation, rumen pH

scholarly journals Pengaruh Imbangan Jerami Padi, Dedak Padi dan Onggok Terfermentasi terhadap Kecernaan dan Produk Fermentasi Rumen Secara In Vitro

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
S.N.O. Suwandyastuti ◽  
Efka Aris Rimbawanto ◽  
Ning Iriyanti
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Optimal Ratio ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility

The influence of the ratio of fermented rice straw, rice bran and cassava solid waste upon the In vitro digestibility and rumen fermentation productABSTRACT. Chemical and physical treatments have been attempted to improve the utilization of agro industrial wastes, but the result is not efficient and caused pollution. Besides, biological treatments using the microbes have been used to improve the nutritive value and utilization of agro industrial wastes. The current experiment was conducted to find out the optimal ratio of fermented rice straw, fermented rice bran and fermented tapioca waste. There were five kinds of ratio of fermented rice straw, fermented rice bran and fermented tapioca waste, namely: K1 (70% fermented rice straw + 15% fermented rice bran + fermented tapioca waste), K2 (60% fermented rice straw + 20% fermented rice bran + 20% fermented tapioca waste), K3 (50% fermented rice straw + 25% fermented rice bran + 25% fermented tapioca waste), K4 (40% fermented rice straw + 30% fermented rice bran + 30% fermented tapioca waste) and K5 (30% fermented rice straw + 35% fermented rice bran + 35% fermented tapioca waste) An in vitro technique, using completely Randomize Block Design was applied and each treatment was repeated four times. Variables measured were Dry matter and Organic matter digestibility and rumen fermentation products (volatile fatty acid and N-NH3 concentration). The dry matter digestibility of K1, K2, K3, k4 and K5 was 29.39, 31.27, 32.33, 33.71 and 34.82%, respectively. The organic matter digestibility of K1, K2, K3, K4 and 5 was 30.82, 31.27, 32.73, 34.94, and 34.92, respectively. Volatile fatty acid concentrations of K1, K2, K3, K4 and K5 were 95.19, 91.77, 87.21, 104.31, 106.59 mM/l, respectively. N-NH3 concentrations of K1, K2, K3, K4 and K5 were 0.97, 0.93, 0.93, 1.00, 1.04 mM/l, respectively. Significant difference (P0.01) was only found in dry matter digestibility among treatments, while others variables were not significantly different among treatments. It was indicated that the optimal ratio was K4.

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