National survey of viruses in pastures of subterranean clover. III. Equipment for large scale screening of viruses by ELISA

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
LB Hulse ◽  
K Helms ◽  
PM Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Large Scale Screening

Equipment for large scale enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for a 3 year nationwide survey of the incidence of four viruses in pastures of Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. Instruments were designed to (a) automate quantitatively the addition of buffer to plant samples passing through a sap extractor, (b) standardize the washing of plates in the various stages of the ELISA protocol, and (c) replace hand pipetting with a pneumatic foot-operated pipette.

Occurrence of Phytophthora clandestina in Trifolium subterraneum paddocks in Australia

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Aldaoud ◽  
W. Guppy ◽  
L. Callinan ◽  
S. F. Flett ◽  
K. A. Wratten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Differential Cultivars

In 1995–96, a survey of soil samples from subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) paddocks was conducted across Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales and Western Australia, to determine the distribution and the prevalence of races of Phytophthora clandestina (as determined by the development of root rot on differential cultivars), and the association of its occurrence with paddock variables. In all states, there was a weak but significant association between P. clandestina detected in soil samples and subsequent root rot susceptibility of differential cultivars grown in these soil samples. Phytophthora clandestina was found in 38% of the sampled sites, with a significantly lower prevalence in South Australia (27%). There were significant positive associations between P. clandestina detection and increased soil salinity (Western Australia), early growth stages of subterranean clover (Victoria), mature subterranean clover (South Australia), recently sown subterranean clover (South Australia), paddocks with higher subterranean clover content (Victoria), where herbicides were not applied (South Australia), irrigation (New South Wales and Victoria), cattle grazing (South Australia and Victoria), early sampling dates (Victoria and New South Wales), sampling shortly after the autumn break or first irrigation (Victoria), shorter soil storage time (Victoria) and farmer’s perception of root rot being present (Victoria and New South Wales). Only 29% of P. clandestina isolates could be classified under the 5 known races. Some of the unknown races were virulent on cv. Seaton Park LF (most resistant) and others were avirulent on cv. Woogenellup (most susceptible). Race 1 was significantly less prevalent in South Australia than Victoria and race 0 was significantly less prevalent in New South Wales than in South Australia and Western Australia. This study revealed extremely wide variation in the virulence of P. clandestina. The potential importance of the results on programs to breed for resistance to root rot are discussed. in South Australia.

Izmir subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum)

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 226 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. H. Nichols ◽  
G. A. Sandral ◽  
B. S. Dear ◽  
C. T. de Koning ◽  
D. L. Lloyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Good Seed ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Pasture Legume

Izmir is a hardseeded, early flowering, subterranean clover of var. subterraneum (Katz. et Morley) Zohary and Heller collected from Turkey and developed by the collaborating organisations of the National Annual Pasture Legume Improvement Program. It is a more hardseeded replacement for Nungarin and best suited to well-drained, moderately acidic soils in areas with a growing season of less than 4.5 months. Izmir seed production and regeneration densities in 3-year pasture phases were similar to Nungarin in 21 trials across southern Australia, but markedly greater in years following a crop or no seed set. Over all measurements, Izmir produced 10% more winter herbage and 7% more spring herbage than Nungarin. Its greater hardseededness and good seed production, makes it better suited to cropping rotations than Nungarin. Softening of Izmir hard seeds occurs later in the summer–autumn period than Nungarin, giving it slightly greater protection from seed losses following false breaks to the season. Izmir is recommended for sowing in Western Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Queensland. Izmir has been granted Plant Breeders Rights in Australia.

scholarly journals Urana subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum)

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. H. Nichols ◽  
M. J. Barbetti ◽  
G. A. Sandral ◽  
B. S. Dear ◽  
C. T. de Koning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Pasture Legume

Urana is a hardseeded, moderately early flowering F5-derived crossbred subterranean clover of var. subterraneum [(Katz. et Morley) Zohary and Heller] developed by the collaborating organisations of the National Annual Pasture Legume Improvement Program. It has been selected for release as a new cultivar on the basis of its high winter and spring herbage production and overall field performance relative to other subterranean clovers of similar maturity. Urana is recommended for sowing in Western Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Queensland. It is best suited to well-drained, moderately acidic soils in areas with a growing season of 5–7 months, which extends into mid-October. Urana is suited to phase farming and crop rotations. It has been granted Plant Breeders Rights in Australia.

Growth and persistence of Mediterranean genotypes of midseason-late maturing subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) in Victoria

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 551 ◽  
Author(s):  
SG Clark ◽  
JR Hirth
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Research Institute

Forty-two midseason-late maturing subterranean clover genotypes from the Mediterranean basin, 12 commercial cultivars, 2 bulk treatments and a blank control were sown in small plots in 1983 at the Pastoral Research Institute, Hamilton, Vic. (10.5 m2), and at the Rutherglen Research Institute, Rutherglen, Vic. (7.0 m2), to assess seasonal yield and persistence over 3 years. Perennial ryegrass cv. Ellett was sown as a companion grass at Hamilton. At both sites, but particularly at Hamilton, several genotypes were identified which showed considerable improvement over commercial cultivars. Some genotypes, although late maturing, were as productive as the best commercial cultivars in autumn and winter (e.g 2.06-2.38 t DM/ha) and were also highly productive (e.g. 3.46-3.94 t DM/ha) in spring (e.g. CPI 89822 H, 89774 F [Sardinia], 68103 H [Portugal] and GF 073.2 [Corsica] at Hamilton and CPI 89880 F, 89855 G, 89880 J [Sardinia] and GF 144.3 [France] at Rutherglen). Seed production of some genotypes was superior to that of the commercial cultivars (P= 0.01). Trikkala, Larisa and Karridale were the cultivars with the largest seed banks at both sites at the end of the third year. Nine of the 13 genotypes measured had seed banks at least as large as Trikkala (36 1 kg/ha) at Hamilton (e.g. 89774 F, 431 kg/ha; 89777 C, 402 kg/ha). All 10 genotypes measured at Rutherglen had seed banks at least as large as Karridale (1298 kg/ha) (e.g. 89880 J, 1717 kg/ ha; and 89820 D, 1578 kg/ha). As a result of this work and similar studies in Western Australia, New South Wales, South Australia and Tasmania, 13 late-maturing genotypes have been chosen for advanced evaluation prior to cultivar release about 1990.

Coolamon subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum)

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. H. Nichols ◽  
M. J. Barbetti ◽  
G. A. Sandral ◽  
B. S. Dear ◽  
C. T. de Koning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Clover Scorch ◽  
Pasture Legume

Coolamon is a mid-season to late-season flowering F4-derived crossbred subterranean clover of var. subterraneum, developed by the collaborating organisations of the National Annual Pasture Legume Improvement Program. It is a replacement for Junee and has been selected for release on the basis of its greater herbage production and persistence, and its resistance to both known races of clover scorch. Coolamon is recommended for sowing in Western Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Queensland. It is best suited to well-drained, moderately acidic soils in areas with a growing season of 6.5–8 months that extends into November. Coolamon is best suited to phase farming and permanent pasture systems. It can also be used in cropping rotations, but at least 2 years of pasture are required between crops. Coolamon has been granted Plant Breeders Rights in Australia.

Mechanization of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for large scale screening of sera

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.J. Ruitenberg ◽  
J.A. van Amstel ◽  
B.J.M. Brosi ◽  
P.A. Steerenberg
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Large Scale Screening

Variation in susceptibility of cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum to Kabatiella caulivora and in pathogenicity of isolates of the fungus as shown in germination-inoculation tests

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 647 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Helms
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Kabatiella Caulivora ◽  
Susceptible Group ◽  
Time Of Harvest ◽  
Different Parts

Seedlings of six cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum were tested during germination for resistance to Kabatiella caulivora, and gave results comparable with those obtained with seedlings inoculated by spraying at 1–4 weeks after sowing. Advantages of the method were that a large number of seedlings could be screened under uniform conditions with the minimum of time and space. Within the more susceptible group of cultivars, Woogenellup and Bacchus Marsh were usually more susceptible than Yarloop and Mt. Barker; these in turn were more susceptible than Clare, and Clare more susceptible than Daliak. For all cultivars except the highly resistant cultivar, Daliak, there was a correlation between the rate of trifoliolate leaf production and susceptibility to the disease, the most susceptible being those with most leaves expanded at the time of inoculation and with most leaves present at the time of harvest. Physiologic specialization in isolates of the pathogen from different parts of Australia was demonstrated. In general, one isolate from South Australia was more pathogenic than a group of isolates from South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia; these in turn were more pathogenic than one isolate from New South Wales, which was somewhat atypical in culture, and one from Victoria which was markedly atypical in culture.

Fertility and productivity of a podzolic soil as influenced by subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and superphosphate.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 664 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Donald ◽  
CH Williams
Keyword(s):  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
New South ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Fourfold Increase ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Native Pasture

A survey was made of the influence of the use of superphosphate and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) on podzolic soils formed on granodiorite in the Crookwell district of New South Wales (average rainfall, 32.7 in. per annum). Forty-four paddocks were sampled; they varied from untreated native pasture to paddocks which had been for 26 years continuously under clover and which had received a total of 13 cwt of superphosphate per acre. In all instances there had been no cultivation during treatment, and the land use mas uniformly one of sheep raising, principally for wool but with some emphasis on fat lamb production on highly improved pastures. Criteria used in this study were the changes in yield and botanical composition of the pasture, changes or trends in the chemical composition of the 0-4 in. depth of soil, and the yield of oats produced by each of the soils in pot culture with varying superimposed applications of phosphorus, sulphur, and nitrogen. The native pasture species disappear under the competition by subterranean clover, which gives a fourfold increase in the yield of pasture. Within the limits of experimental error, the phosphorus and sulphur applied as superphosphate, even that applied many years previously, can be accounted for in the surface 4 in. of soil. Losses by removal in wool and carcases are small. The added phosphorus is present in approximately equal amounts as organic phosphorus and readily extractable inorganic phosphorus. The applied sulphur appears to become a part of the organic complex. Eighty-five pounds of nitrogen has been added in the surface 4 in. of soil by rhizobial activity for each hundredweight of superphosphate applied per acre. Initially the most acute deficiencies affecting plant growth on these soils are those of phosphorus and nitrogen, with a less pronounced deficiency of sulphur. After a period of several years of superphosphate and clover, each of these deficiencies is much reduced, the order of the intensity of deficiencies then being nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphorus. Soil pH falls with superphosphate application at the rate of about 0.06 units per hundredweight of fertilizer per acre, but may reach an equilibrium value at about 5.1. This could be due to the increase in exchange capacity of the soil as a result of the increase in organic matter. A field experiment on two sites also indicated the increase in fertility under subterranean clover pasture and demonstrated the capacity of the improved soils to produce a satisfactory field crop of oats.

Beef production from lucerne and subterranean clover pastures. 1. The effects of pasture, stocking rate and supplementary feeding

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (107) ◽  
pp. 678 ◽  
Author(s):  
EC Wolfe ◽  
RD FitzGerald ◽  
DG Hall ◽  
OR Southwood
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
New South ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
South Wales ◽  
June July

The production and management of weaner steers on two pasture types were studied over 3 years at Wagga Wagga in southern New South Wales. One pasture (LC) was sown with a mixture of lucerne (Medicago sativa) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and the other (C) was sown only with subterranean clover. On each pasture the management treatments were 1.3 and 2.0 steers ha-' in 1975, and 2.1 and 3.0 steers ha-1 in 1976 and 1977, with a grain supplement at the heavier stocking rate in all years. Each year, steers gained more liveweight in February-March or April-May on LC than on C, and this advantage was maintained or increased until slaughter in the following January. The faster growth of steers on lucerne-clover was always associated with an increased supply of green herbage. Annual liveweight gain on LC exceeded that on C by 20-30 kg/head in 1975 and 1977, and by up to 90 kg/head in 1976, when the rainfall pattern was unsuitable for clover growth. Carcases from steers on LC were heavier (all years), covered with a greater depth of fat (1 975 and 1976) and showed better eye muscle development (1 76 and 1977) than those on C. In 1975, neither stocking rate nor supplementary feeding affected liveweight or carcase development. In the following 2 years, increasing the stocking rate from 2 to 3 steers ha-1 reduced annual liveweight gains by 35-40 kg/head. Oat grain supplements (2-3 kg/head day-1 in February-March, June-July and December-January) improved weight gains and carcase quality on both pasture types in 1977, but only on C in 1976

Potassium deficiency and its management in a long-term rotation experiment in the south-western slopes New South Wales

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Li ◽  
K. R. Helyar ◽  
M. K. Conyers ◽  
P. D. Cregan ◽  
B. R. Cullis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The South ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Product Removal ◽  
Animal Excreta ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
A Site

Potassium (K) deficiency of wheat and pasture species was found at a site in the south-western slopes of New South Wales. The soil was a subnatric yellow sodosol. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) was found to be less competitive for K in the soil compared with its associated grasses. Higher soil K concentrations were required to achieve the same subterranean clover K concentration in the grass–legume mixtures than in a subterranean clover monoculture. For wheat (Triticum aestivum) production, a soil exchangeable K (Kex ) below 0.25 cmol(+)/kg appeared to be deficient for the limed treatments, but there was no obvious critical value for either limed or unlimed treatments. The critical K exvalues for the grass –legume mixtures could not be simply specified because the values were affected by competition between species growing in swards of variable botanical composition. An annual rate of 20 kg K/ha for the pasture–crop rotations (50/50%) and 29 kg K/ha for the permanent pastures was estimated to be sufficient to replenish the K losses from product removal and animal excreta transferred to campsites at this trial site.

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