Longer-term outcomes of infections in pregnancy: pathogenesis of diabetes and other chronic infections

Rubella and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are recognised causes of congenital diabetes. The role of in utero infection with other viruses, such as enteroviruses (EV), in the development of childhood diabetes is less clear. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between maternal EV infection and subsequent development of type 1 diabetes in their offspring, suggesting that the disease process begins in utero.

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Exposure to environmental chemicals and type 1 diabetes: an update

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health ◽

10.1136/jech-2018-210627 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (6) ◽

pp. 483-488 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Sarah G Howard

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Environmental Chemicals ◽

Exposure Level ◽

Environmental Chemical ◽

Timing Of Exposure

This narrative review summarises recently published epidemiological and in vivo experimental studies on exposure to environmental chemicals and their potential role in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). These studies focus on a variety of environmental chemical exposures, including to air pollution, arsenic, some persistent organic pollutants, pesticides, bisphenol A and phthalates. Of the 15 epidemiological studies identified, 14 include measurements of exposures during childhood, 2 include prenatal exposures and 1 includes adults over age 21. Together, they illustrate that the role of chemicals in T1DM may be complex and may depend on a variety of factors, such as exposure level, timing of exposure, nutritional status and chemical metabolism. While the evidence that these exposures may increase the risk of T1DM is still preliminary, it is critical to investigate this possibility further as a means of preventing T1DM.

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Comment on “Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes among Children and Adolescents in Italy between 2009 and 2013: The Role of a Regional Childhood Diabetes Registry”

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2016/6302508 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-2

Author(s):

Paola Ballotari ◽

Valeria Manicardi ◽

Paolo Giorgi Rossi

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Childhood Diabetes ◽

Diabetes Registry

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Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Type 1 Diabetes

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21082937 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (8) ◽

pp. 2937 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Barbara Predieri ◽

Patrizia Bruzzi ◽

Elena Bigi ◽

Silvia Ciancia ◽

Simona F. Madeo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Potential Role ◽

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Chemical Agent ◽

Β Cells ◽

Autoimmune Attack ◽

Endocrine Disrupting

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the most common chronic metabolic disease in children and adolescents. The etiology of T1D is not fully understood but it seems multifactorial. The genetic background determines the predisposition to develop T1D, while the autoimmune process against β-cells seems to be also determined by environmental triggers, such as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Environmental EDCs may act throughout different temporal windows as single chemical agent or as chemical mixtures. They could affect the development and the function of the immune system or of the β-cells function, promoting autoimmunity and increasing the susceptibility to autoimmune attack. Human studies evaluating the potential role of exposure to EDCs on the pathogenesis of T1D are few and demonstrated contradictory results. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize experimental and epidemiological studies on the potential role of exposure to EDCs in the development of T1D. We highlight what we know by animals about EDCs’ effects on mechanisms leading to T1D development and progression. Studies evaluating the EDC levels in patients with T1D were also reported. Moreover, we discussed why further studies are needed and how they should be designed to better understand the causal mechanisms and the next prevention interventions.

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Emerging Role of Zinc Transporter-8 Autoantibodies (ZnT8A) in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus- A Review

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research ◽

10.9734/jammr/2019/v31i630304 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Afreen Bhatty ◽

Saeeda Baig ◽

Zil-e-Rubab . ◽

Moazzam Ali Shahid

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Early Recognition ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Zinc Transporter ◽

Structural Stabilization ◽

Zinc Transporter 8

Zinc, an important micronutrient for the storage, structural stabilization, secretion and action of insulin, is present in highest concentration in pancreas. The transport of zinc occurs through the zinc transporter-8 (ZnT8) to the insulin secretory vesicles. Zinc Transporter-8 Autoantibodies (ZnT8A) has been found to be associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Recently it is recognized as a new autoantigen in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and its autoantibodies have been found in 50-60% of individuals with T1DM. Moreover, ZnT8A exhibit humoral auto reactivity which is not displayed by any of the other islet autoantigen like glutamine decarboxylase (GAD), insulin or tyrosine phosphate-related molecules (IA-2). Immunity against ZnT8 is dependent on clinical characteristics, which may provide evidence for early recognition highlighting the importance of this transporter in the pathogenesis of T1DM. Information regarding this article was retrieved through PubMed, Google Scholar and other search engines available in the University by using the keywords zinc, ZnT, ZnT8, SLC30A8 (Solute carrier 30 member 8) and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Information was gathered through original researches, reviews and epidemiological studies published up to August 2019.The aim of this review is to summarize the emerging role of ZnT8A in diagnosis and understanding the genetic basis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

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