Selective estrogen receptor modulators: mechanism of action and clinical experience. Focus on raloxifene

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are a diverse group of compounds that bind with specific, high-affinity binding to the estrogen receptor (ER). Depending on the tissue, SERMs can act as either ER agonists or antagonists. Recent advances in ER biology have provided insight into possible mechanisms by which SERMs elicit these tissue-specific estrogen agonist and estrogen antagonist activities. The estrogen response pathway has been shown to differ among target tissues depending on various tissue and cellular factors, such as the ER subtype, the structure of the bound receptor–ligand complex, and the tissue-specific cellular transcriptional machinery. Clinically available SERMs include clomiphene, tamoxifen and toremifene, which are triphenylethylenes, and raloxifene, a benzothiophene. Raloxifene has estrogen agonist effects on bone, serum lipids, and arterial vasculature, and estrogen antagonist effects in breast and uterus. Clinical trial data for raloxifene is used to illustrate some of the mechanisms by which SERMs exert their tissue-specific estrogen agonist and estrogen antagonist effects. The complex pharmacology surrounding the tissue selectivity of SERMs is discussed.