A cloning strategy for G-protein-coupled hormone receptors: the ovine beta 1-adrenergic receptor

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Padbury ◽  
YT Tseng ◽  
JA Waschek

Regulation of beta 1-adrenergic receptors is unusual in developing animals. For example, glucocorticoid-and thyroid hormone-responsiveness for several genes is seen in animals treated during fetal life but beta 1-responsiveness is not seen until after birth. In order to investigate this at the transcriptional level, the ovine beta 1 receptor gene was cloned from a sheep genomic library. An approach using high-stringency screening with cDNA probes and oligonucleotides from regions of human and rat genes conserved but unique to the beta 1 receptor but not to other seven transmembrane, G-protein-coupled receptors. Over 800,000 clones were screened from which 40-50 positive clones were identified by each of the probes. There was, however, only a single clone which was recognized by each of the probes. A 5-kb insert was subcloned and shown to contain sequences which hybridized to each of the probes. Using the restriction map of the rat beta 1 receptor, a 1.0-kb Pst1 internal fragment was further subcloned for sequence identification. Confirmation of this fragment as the ovine beta 1 receptor was based on homology of the beta 1 receptor from other species and tissue distribution of mRNA. Nucleotide sequence homology was 93% with the human beta 1 receptor and 84% with rat. Amino acid sequence homology was > 75% and approached 100% in the transmembrane regions. The approach described represents a practical approach to cloning and identification of hormone receptors from the highly homologous members of the seven-transmembrane, G-protein-coupled receptors.

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Foord ◽  
S. Jupe ◽  
J. Holbrook

The best known family B, or Type II, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recognize peptides as ligands. The receptors for corticotrophin-releasing factor, parathyroid hormone and secretin typify this group. However, there are only 15 such GPCRs. Many other receptors share sequence homology and have been assigned to this family. The ten ‘Frizzled’ and one ‘Smoothened’ receptors show the lowest sequence homology and are not necessarily G-protein coupled. Drosophila genetics have enabled our understanding of their biology. In contrast, relatively little is known about the largest group with family B, the 33 ‘large amino termini’ or large N-terminal family B seven-transmembrane (LNB 7TM) receptors. This review highlights the similarities found between family B receptors and provides a classification of LNB 7TM receptors.


2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Hillhouse ◽  
H. Randeva ◽  
G. Ladds ◽  
D. Grammatopoulos

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and related peptides (urocortins, sauvagine, urotensin) play a central role in the co-ordination of autonomic, behavioural, cardiovascular, immune and endocrine responses to stressful stimuli. Their actions are mediated through activation of two types of G-protein-coupled receptors encoded by separate genes. In this review we focus on the diverse structural and functional characteristics of the family of CRH-like peptides and their receptors.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Bisello ◽  
Michael Chorev ◽  
Peter A. Friedman ◽  
Tom Gardella ◽  
Rebecca Hills ◽  
...  

The parathyroid hormone receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Parathyroid Hormone Receptors [47]) are family B G protein-coupled receptors. The parathyroid hormone (PTH)/parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor (PTH1 receptor) is activated by precursor-derived peptides: PTH (84 amino acids), and PTHrP (141 amino-acids) and related peptides (PTH-(1-34), PTHrP-(1-36)). The parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2 receptor) is activated by the precursor-derived peptide TIP39 (39 amino acids). [125I]PTH may be used to label both PTH1 and PTH2 receptors.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Ramadan Elkazzaz ◽  
Amr Ahmed ◽  
Ghareeb Alshuwaier ◽  
Israa M Shamkh ◽  
Yousry Esam-Eldin Abo-Amer ◽  
...  

Abstract Background COVID-19 is known to cause chemosensory dysfunction. A common symptoms of COVID-19 is a disorder in hormonal balance and olfactory function which may persist after recovery including COVID-19-related anosmia and hypogonadism. Hormonal problems such as Hypogonadism and Hypothyrodism are being observed in patients with Covid-19. Rise in cases of hormonal imbalance post COVID recovery is a cause for concern. Moreover, anosmia is a well-tolerated symptom of COVID-19, but their aetiology isn't understood. The studies demonstrated that the new coronavirus could affect the central nervous system through the olfactory bulb or blood circulation. Furthermore, in addition to anosmia or hyposmia induction, as well as taste disorders, the virus may cause Appetite loss, High cortisol, Anxiety ,Retinol deficiency, Eye-ache, earache, Dizziness, Memory, Minstrual disturbances and hallucination. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRSs) are well known to be expressed throughout the body, and they represent the genome's largest superfamily of signaling. It was showed that G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRS) and Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors (GnRHRs, a subtype of GPCRS), were expressed sufficiently in olfactory region and hypothalamus as well as thyroid gland and the human lung. It was found that GPCRs are responsible for diverse biological functions such as Appetite, Cortisol level, Smelling and Tasting regulation as well as Retinol transport and act as receptors of Thyroxin. Herein by using molecular docking and stimulation analysis , we succeeded to elucidate the direct neuroinvasive route of COVID-19 into the nasal epithelium and human brain cells which may lead to anosmia and hormonal imbalance mainly through the olfactory route by direct binding to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRS). Furthermore, we strongly suspect that binding of COVID-19 to the expressed GPCRS in the lung is a main cause of ion changing disruption leading to pulmonary edema and failure . Moreover, we confirmed our results by investigating Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors (GnRHRs) as a novel binding receptor of COVID-19.MethodologyIn the current study, we used PatchDock server to conduct a docking study of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein with both of GnRHRs and GPCRSs protein. The structure of the crystal structure of the proteins were retrieved from RSCP (https://www.rcsb.org/ ) with accessions numbers (PDB ID 7BR3 and 6P9X respectively. we obtained the crystal structure of spike with accession number (PDB ID: 6VYB). The proteins are downloaded in the pdb format. The spike - receptor protein was investigated to determine the conservative residues of binding of Spike protein with the GnRHRs and GPCRS proteins in order to discover the ability of Spike to interact with GnRHR and GPCR receptors. We performed Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation to investigate the positional and conformational changes of the included proteins in relation to the binding site that provides insight into the binding stability. MD simulation of the complex was carried out with the GROMACS 4.5.4 package using the GROMOS96 43a1 force field.ResultsThis analysis of simulations molecular dynamics and molecular docking showed a high affinity between Spike protein and both of GnRHRs and GPCRSs . Results indicated that the spike binds to GNRHRS with binding energy (-1424.7 k.cal/mol) and to GPCRS with binding energy (-1451.8 k.cal/mol). The obtained results confirmed that the native model binds to GPCRS with the highest docking score of ( -1451.8) when compared to the other GNRHRS complexes, which have the lowest binding affinity, as evidenced by the docking score of (-1424.9). These results signifies better conjugation of GNRHRS to the binding pocket of the spike receptor in the RDB of the spike protein . Comparing the binding free energy of GPCRS to GNRHRS showed that the GNRHRS protein was found to bind to the vital residues in the RBD of the spike protein. But GPCRSs protein were found to bind to new RDB in other place in chain B of the spike. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulations study revealed significant stability of s pike protein with the GnRHRs and GPCRS separately up to 50 ns.CONCLUSIONSThe COVID-19 entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is not expressed in the receptor of olfactory neurons, or its generation is limited to a minor fraction of these neurons. A change or disorder in hormonal balance and olfactory function is a common symptom of COVID-19 as well as Appetite loss and retinol deficiency , but its aetiology is unknown. SARS-CoV-2 was found to bind strongly and directly to both GPCRS and GnRHRs which expressed sufficiently in olfactory neurons. As a result, we confirm that COVID-19 could use these receptors especially GNRHRS as a direct neuroinvasive route into human brain cells, potentially leading to long-term neurological complications and hormonal imbalance in addition to Appetite loss and retinol deficiency via the olfactory route. Our findings may also shed a new light on the mechanism of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients. Therefore ,we propose that GPCRS and is involved in COVID-19 pathophysiology and can be exploited as a potential therapeutic target for COVID-19.


Diseases ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Duaa Althumairy ◽  
Xiaoping Zhang ◽  
Nicholas Baez ◽  
George Barisas ◽  
Deborah A. Roess ◽  
...  

Signal transduction by luteinizing hormone receptors (LHRs) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors (FSHRs) is essential for the successful reproduction of human beings. Both receptors and the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor are members of a subset of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) described as the glycoprotein hormone receptors. Their ligands, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and a structurally related hormone produced in pregnancy, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), are large protein hormones that are extensively glycosylated. Although the primary physiologic functions of these receptors are in ovarian function and maintenance of pregnancy in human females and spermatogenesis in males, there are reports of LHRs or FSHRs involvement in disease processes both in the reproductive system and elsewhere. In this review, we evaluate the aggregation state of the structure of actively signaling LHRs or FSHRs, their functions in reproduction as well as summarizing disease processes related to receptor mutations affecting receptor function or expression in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. We will also present novel strategies for either increasing or reducing the activity of LHRs signaling. Such approaches to modify signaling by glycoprotein receptors may prove advantageous in treating diseases relating to LHRs or FSHRs function in addition to furthering the identification of new strategies for modulating GPCR signaling.


Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 705-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Thomas ◽  
Y. Pang ◽  
J. Dong ◽  
P. Groenen ◽  
J. Kelder ◽  
...  

A novel progestin receptor (mPR) with seven-transmembrane domains was recently discovered in spotted seatrout and homologous genes were identified in other vertebrates. We show that cDNAs for the mPR α subtypes from spotted seatrout (st-mPRα) and humans (hu-mPRα) encode progestin receptors that display many functional characteristics of G protein-coupled receptors. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemical staining of whole MDA-MB-231 cells stably transfected with the mPRαs using antibodies directed against their N-terminal regions show the receptors are localized on the plasma membrane and suggest the N-terminal domain is extracellular. Both recombinant st-mPRα and hu-mPRα display high affinity (Kd 4.2–7.8 nm), limited capacity (Bmax 0.03–0.32 nm), and displaceable membrane binding specific for progestins. Progestins activate a pertussis toxin-sensitive inhibitory G protein (Gi) to down-regulate membrane-bound adenylyl cyclase activity in both st-mPRα- and hu-mPRα-transfected cells. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate the receptors are directly coupled to the Gi protein. Similar to G protein-coupled receptors, dissociation of the receptor/G protein complex results in a decrease in ligand binding to the mPRαs and mutation of the C-terminal, and third intracellular loop of st-mPRα causes loss of ligand-dependent G protein activation. Phylogenetic analysis indicates the mPRs are members of a progesterone and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) subfamily that is only present in chordates, whereas other PAQRs also occur in invertebrates and plants. Progesterone and adipoQ receptors are related to the hemolysin3 family and have origins in the Eubacteria. Thus, mPRs arose from Eubacteria independently from members of the GPCR superfamily, which arose from Archeabacteria, suggesting convergent evolution of seven-transmembrane hormone receptors coupled to G proteins.


1998 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 1325-1335 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Bear ◽  
John F. Rawls ◽  
Charles L. Saxe

G protein–coupled receptors trigger the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in many cell types, but the steps in this signal transduction cascade are poorly understood. During Dictyostelium development, extracellular cAMP functions as a chemoattractant and morphogenetic signal that is transduced via a family of G protein–coupled receptors, the cARs. In a strain where the cAR2 receptor gene is disrupted by homologous recombination, the developmental program arrests before tip formation. In a genetic screen for suppressors of this phenotype, a gene encoding a protein related to the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein was discovered. Loss of this protein, which we call SCAR (suppressor of cAR), restores tip formation and most later development to cAR2− strains, and causes a multiple-tip phenotype in a cAR2+ strain as well as leading to the production of extremely small cells in suspension culture. SCAR−cells have reduced levels of F-actin staining during vegetative growth, and abnormal cell morphology and actin distribution during chemotaxis. Uncharacterized homologues of SCAR have also been identified in humans, mouse, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila. These data suggest that SCAR may be a conserved negative regulator of G protein-coupled signaling, and that it plays an important role in regulating the actin cytoskeleton.


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