56 COMPARISON OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE CATTLE OVIDUCT IN FOUR PHASES OF THE OVARIAN CYCLE

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
A. M. Duszewska ◽  
A. Compa ◽  
M. Zelechowska ◽  
A. Piliszek ◽  
A. Rynkowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Ovarian Cycle ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ovarian Morphology ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Mucosal Folds

The oviduct provides the environment necessary for the gamete transport, completion of spermatozoa capacitation, oocyte fertilization and the early development of embryos. In cattle, all of these processes take place between Day 0 to 4 of the ovarian cycle (Day 0 is the day of ovulation). In previous studies, temporal changes in the bovine oviduct morphology were evaluated by dividing the ovarian cycle into luteal and follicular phases. In order to understand the relation between the bovine oviduct morphology and processes occurring there, the ovarian cycle has been further divided into four phases: I (Day 0–4), II (Day 5–10), III (Day 11–17) and IV (Day 18–20), with the day of ovulation considered Day 0 (1980 J. Dairy Sci. 63, 155–160). The aim of the study was to evaluate the oviduct morphology of the infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus in 4 phases of the ovarian cycle. Research material comprised cattle oviducts (classified into 1 of the 4 phases of the cycle based on ovarian morphology), dissected into infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus and subsequently sectioned and processed for histological preparations (hematoxylin and eosin, H&E, staining). Diameters of transverse cross-sections of oviduct and its lumen and thickness of tunicas: mucosa, muscularis and serosa were evaluated in relation to the region of oviduct and the phase of ovarian cycle. Values are given in μm. Statistical analysis was carried out by 1-way analysis of variance and comparisons of mean values were made with the Tukey honestly significant difference test (Statgraphics Plus 5); P < 0.05 was considered to reflect the presence of statistical significance. The comparison of the diameters of transverse cross-sections (A) of oviduct and its lumen (B) shows significant statistical differences between ampulla and isthmus within the phases: A-I (4507.26 vs 2524.47), II (4510.53 vs 2540.67), III (4503.28 vs 2534.07), IV (4500.73 vs 2533.90); B-I (4191.10 vs 1950.88), II (4173.63 vs 1986.33), III (4198.53 vs 1966.88) and IV (4192.50 vs 1959.33). There are no differences among 4 phases of the ovarian cycle. The thickness of tunicas muscularis and serosa of infundibulum (I: 26.81 vs 196.85; II: 27.03 vs 201.80; III: 26.22 vs 199.45; IV: 23.97 vs 198.01), ampulla (I: 91.51 vs 214.50; II: 90.72 vs 212.55; III: 88.61 vs 213.30; IV: 89.65 vs 206.28) and isthmus (I: 202.29 vs 216.52; II: 199.24 vs 207.74; III: 200.90 vs 212.38; IV: 200.38 vs 210.86) show only statistically significant differences within the phases, whereas the tunica mucosa shows only statistically significant differences between phases and the term of the height of epithelium at the base of mucosal folds (I: 26.49; II: 25.20; III: 24.14; IV: 29.96) and their apical parts (I: 28.09; II: 26.01; III: 25.45; IV: 30.96). In conclusion, differences in oviduct morphology are mainly region specific, whereas the epithelium morphologically infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus show variation in the 4 phases of the ovarian cycle. Supported by Grant MNiSW N311236137.

180 EXPRESSION OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-STIMULATED GENE 6 PROTEIN IN BOVINE CUMULUS–OOCYTE COMPLEXES AT DIFFERENT MATURATION STATUS

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
P. Trzeciak ◽  
R. Starzyński ◽  
Ł. Rąpała ◽  
S. Dąbrowski ◽  
E. Nałęcz-Nieniewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference

The TSG-6 is a ~35-kDa protein belonging to hyaluronan binding superfamily proteins. The TSG-6 plays role in inflammation and in inflammation-like processes (i.e. ovulation). The tsg-6 expression is induced in cumulus–oocyte complex (COC) cells just before ovulation. It is involved in the migration of cumulus cells though the formation and stabilisation of the extracellular matrix. Disturbances in secretion of this protein lead to a reduction in the number of ovulated oocytes. Although studies of the prevalence and role of TSG-6 in COC were conducted in several animal models, little is known about TSG-6 in cattle. The aim of this study was to assess tsg-6 mRNA expression and protein localization in bovine cumulus cells from COC at different maturation status. Ovaries were collected from the slaughterhouse. Cumulus cells were isolated from COCs in different stages of maturity. In variant I, COC were isolated from small follicles of Φ 2 to 6 mm. In variant II, COC were also isolated from small follicles and matured in vitro in TCM199 HEPES with 10% FBS and 0.02 IU NIH-pFSH mL–1, 1 µg mL–1 β-oestradiol, 0.2 µM sodium pyruvate, 50 µg mL–1 gentamicin in 5% CO2, 38.5°C for 24 h. In variant III, COCs were isolated from large follicles of Φ >15 mm. Analysis of tsg-6 expression in cumulus cells was performed using real-time PCR. Expression of Tsg-6 was normalized to that of s18. Statistical analysis of tsg-6 mRNA level in all variants was carried out by 1-way ANOVA, and comparisons of mean values were made with the Tukey honestly significant difference test (Statgraphic 5.1 Centurion); P < 0.05 was considered to reflect the presence of statistical significance. For all variants, paraffin-embedded slices of COC were carried out to localise TSG-6 by indirect method of immunofluorescence. Immunostaining of the TSG-6 protein was performed using primary polyclonal antibody raised against bovine TSG-6. Antigen–antibody complexes were visualised after incubation with secondary IgG conjugated with fluorescein isothiocynanate. Immunolocalization of TSG-6 was performed using fluorescent microscopy. The relative expression of tsg-6 mRNA in variant II was more than 2 times higher (1.887 ± 0.797 a.u.) compared with variant III (0.760 ± 0.130 a.u.). The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). No tsg-6 expression in variant I was detected. The presence of TSG-6 protein in the extracellular matrix of cumulus cells from variant II as well as from variant III was detected. The present data suggest that tsg-6 gene expression and its protein presence are stimulated during COC maturation in cattle as previously demonstrated for other species. Supported by Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine: 505-10-02330050.

scholarly journals Technology and Process Design for Phenols Recovery from Industrial Chicory (Chicorium intybus) Leftovers

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (15) ◽  
pp. 2681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Maria Cova ◽  
Luisa Boffa ◽  
Marco Pistocchi ◽  
Silver Giorgini ◽  
Rafael Luque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Process ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc

Vegetal leftovers from the agro–food industry represent a huge source of primary and secondary metabolites, vitamin, mineral salts and soluble as well as insoluble fibers. Economic reports on the growth in the polyphenol market have driven us to focus our investigation on chicory (Chicorium intybus L.), which is one of the most popular horticultural plants in the world and a rich source of phenolic compounds. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and their simultaneous combination, using either ethanol/water or water alone (also sub-critical), have been investigated with the aim of designing a green and efficient extraction process. Higher total-polyphenol yields as well as dramatic reductions in extraction times and solvent consumption have been obtained under these conditions. ANOVA test for analyses of variance followed by the Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) post-hoc test of multiple comparisons was used in the statistical analysis. MAE experiments performed with sub-critical water, and MW/US experiments with an ethanol solution have shown polyphenol recovery values of up to ~3 g of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per kg of fresh material in only 15 min, while conventional extraction required 240 min to obtain the same result.

scholarly journals Effect of post type on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated premolars

2018 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Karteva ◽  
Neshka Manchorova ◽  
Dessislava Pashkouleva ◽  
Donka Keskinova ◽  
Stoyan Vladimirov
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Resistance ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Endodontically Treated Teeth ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Root Fractures ◽  
Restoration Method ◽  
Resistance Rates

Endodontically treated teeth (ETT) are more susceptible to fracture during mastication. The aim of our study was to investigate the fracture resistance of premolars, restored with different techniques. Eighteen human premolars, extracted for orthodontic or periodontal reasons, were used. Mesio-occlusal cavities were prepared on all of them. They were divided into 3 groups according to the restoration method: with a cemented fiber post (FP), with a cemented metal post (MP) and without a post, but restored with a fiber reinforced composite core (FRC). After thermocycling, their fracture resistance was evaluated in a standard testing machine. The results were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) tests (p<0.05). The fracture modes were also determined. The MP group showed the lowest fracture resistance rates and the highest number of unrestorable root fractures. In conclusion, teeth restored with FRC cores or FP show better survival rates than those restored with metal posts.

scholarly journals Analysis of Fascicular Structure and Connective Tissue Sheaths in Sural Nerve during Aging

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Braca Kundalić ◽  
Slađana Ugrenović ◽  
Ivan Jovanović ◽  
Natalija Stefanović ◽  
Vladimir Petrović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Sural Nerve ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cross Section Area ◽  
Investigation Methods ◽  
Myelinated Fibres

Summary The aim of our study was to analyze the changes of connective tissue sheaths of epi-, peri- and endoneurium of sural nerve during aging. The study was conducted on sural nerve samples of 10 cases aged 9-80 years. The specimens were embedded in paraffin using standard procedures, after which 5-μm-thick cross-sections of nerve trunks were made and stained using Masson’s trichrome staining. After morphological analysis of fascicular structure and connective sheaths of the nerve, morphometric analysis was conducted using the software for digital image analysis “ImageJ”. Each investigated case was analyzed for total neural, epineurial and fascicular cross-section area, mean values of perineurial index, volume density of myelinated axons and of endoneurial content. To test the difference in mean values for statistical significance we used the Student’s T-test for small independent sample. The number of fascicles was 5-13, while the majority of the nerves had less than 10 fascicles. Fascicular structure, which included the number of fascicles and epifascicular/fascicular area ratio, did not show significant changes during aging. Perineurial thickness /fascicle size ratio statistically significantly increased in the older investigated group (p<0.05). Myelinated fibres were of smaller diameter, with more irregular form and markedly less frequent in older cases. Quantitative analysis showed statistically significant decrease in volume density of myelinated fibres in the older group. As results of applied investigation methods we found thickening of perineurial sheath of sural nerve during aging, as well as endoneurial fibrosis. Future investigations of age-related changes should focus on analysis of the components of extracellular matrix within perineurium and endoneurium.

Undeveloped semiconic posterosuperior ligament and susceptibility to avulsion of the C-7 spinal nerve in Erb palsy

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 676-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-gang Huang ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
Yu-dong Gu ◽  
Guang-rong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Failure Load ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Tension Testing ◽  
Histological Characteristics

Object In Erb palsy, the C-7 spinal nerve has been found to be more subject to avulsion than the C-5 and C-6 spinal nerves. This study investigated the morphological and biomechanical characteristics of the semiconic posterosuperior ligaments (SPLs) at the C-5, C-6, and C-7 spinal nerves in neonates. Methods Twenty-four brachial plexuses from 12 fresh neonate cadavers were used in this study. In 12 brachial plexuses from 6 cadavers, the following studies were performed with respect to the SPLs at the C-5, C-6, and C-7 spinal nerves: gross observation of morphological and histological characteristics; measurement of length, thickness, and width; and a semiquantitative analysis of collagen. In the other 6 cadavers, biomechanical tension testing was performed bilaterally on the C5–7 SPLs to assess the tensile strength of the ligaments. Results The C5–7 spinal nerves are fixed to the transverse process through the SPL, a structure not observed at the C-8 and T-1 spinal nerves. Except for the width of the SPL insertion on the spinal nerve, which was found to increase gradually from C-5 to C-7, there was no statistically significant difference in the dimensions of the C-5, C-6, and C-7 SPLs. The sectional area percentage of collagen was 51% ± 10% in SPLs for C-5, 51% ± 11% for C-6, and 41% ± 10% for C-7; and this percentage was significantly lower in SPLs for C-7 than for C-5 or C-6 (1-way ANOVA, F = 4.3, p = 0.02; Tukey honestly significant difference test, p = 0.04 and 0.04, respectively). Sharpey fibers were observed at the transverse process origin of the SPL at C-5 and C-6 but not at C-7. Biomechanical tension testing showed that the mean failure load was 6.6 ± 0.9 N for the C-5 SPL, 6.4 ± 1.0 N for the C-6 SPL, and 5.4 ± 0.9 N for the C-7 SPL, and the failure load was significantly lower in SPLs at C-7 than in those at C-5 or C-6 (1-way ANOVA, F = 5.1, p = 0.01; Tukey honestly significant difference, p = 0.01 and 0.048, respectively). Nine of 12 C-7 SPLs failed at their origin from the transverse process, while only 4 of 12 C-5 SPLs and 3 of 12 C-6 SPLs failed at the origin site. Conclusions These findings suggest that the lower density of collagen and absence of Sharpey fibers decrease the biomechanical properties of the C-7 SPL, and this may account for the higher frequency of avulsion of the C-7 spinal nerve (in comparison with the C-5 or C-6 nerve) in Erb palsy.

Effect of Tack Cure on Polymerization Shrinkage of Resin-based Luting Cements

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. E196-E206
Author(s):  
Y-S Kim ◽  
S-H Choi ◽  
B-N Lee ◽  
Y-C Hwang ◽  
I-N Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Ionomer Cement ◽  
Resin Cement ◽  
The Self ◽  
Polymerization Shrinkage ◽  
Luting Cements ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Resin Modified Glass Ionomer ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference

Clinical Relevance Self-cure after tack cure could result in a lower polymerization shrinkage in some resin-based luting cements, which is closely related to lower degree of cure. SUMMARY Objectives: To evaluate the effect of tack cure on polymerization shrinkage (PS) of resin-based luting cements. Methods and Materials: One composite resin cement, Duo-Link (Duolink); two self-adhesive resin cements, RelyX U200 (U200) and G-CEM LinkAce (GCem); and one resin-modified glass ionomer cement, RelyX Luting Plus (Luting+), were used for measuring PS in light-cure (LC group), self-cure (SC group), and two tack-cure modes that were light cured (TC-LC group) or self-cured (TC-SC group) after tack cure. PS was measured by a modified bonded disc method for 1600 seconds and analyzed with two-way analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significant difference test. To investigate the effect of tack cure on light cure or self-cure, data were analyzed with an independent-samples t-test with tack cure as a variable. The significance level was 5%. Results: Regarding cure mode, Duolink showed a significantly lower PS in the TC-SC group compared with the other groups. Luting+ showed a significantly lower PS in the TC-SC group than in the SC group. U200 showed a significantly lower PS in the self-cure groups compared with that in the light-cure groups. The PS of GCem was not affected by cure mode. Regarding cements, Luting+ showed the highest PS, followed by GCem, Duolink, and U200 (p&lt;0.05). Self-cure of Duolink and Luting+ was negatively affected by tack cure, while light cure was not affected. U200 and GCem were not affected by tack cure either in the self-cure or light-cure groups. Conclusion: For the tested cements, tack cure decreased the PS of Duolink and Luting+ when they were self-cured after tack cure. When the cements were light cured after tack cure, PS was not affected by tack cure in any cement.

Comparative analysis of engine running performance with and without thermostat

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 047-053
Author(s):  
Albert K. Arkoh ◽  
Esther B. Kyere ◽  
Isaac Edunyah
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Ic Engine ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Engine Condition

The rate of removal of internal combustion (IC) engine thermostat when engines are imported to Ghana and other part of African continent is alarming. Such phenomenon calls for an experiment to compare the performance of IC engines imported here in Ghana running with and without engine thermostat. The analysis was done by determine engine performance characteristic such as engine torque, indicated power (Ip), brake power (bp), frictional power (fp), fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature (EGT) as well as exhaust emission at engine speed of 1500 rpm for engine running with thermostat (WT) and without thermostat (WOT). Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were done using GenStat software (VSN International, 2021). Statistical significance was carried out at p≤0.05. The best fuel mean value of 103 ml was recorded for engine condition WT at EGT of 283.2 °C while fuel consumed for engine condition WOT was 170 ml at EGT of 155.4 °C. The recorded mean exhaust emission gases for Ex, O2, CO, H2S were 13.2%, 16.2%, 1000 ppm and 35.2 ppm and 0%, 18.38%, 393.2 ppm and 0.4 ppm for engine condition WOT and WT respectively. There was significant difference (p≤0.05) in mean values of EGT, Fuel consumption and exhaust emissions for engine condition WOT with the exception of O2. The removal of engine thermostat affect engine working temperature which result in incomplete combustion, high fuel consumption and high exhaust emissions.

A typologic and morphometric study of variation in phytoliths from einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1182-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry B. Ball ◽  
Jack D. Brotherson ◽  
John S. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Triticum Monococcum ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Morphometric Data ◽  
Einkorn Wheat ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Silica Cell ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference

Variation between phytoliths produced in the laminae, inflorescence bracts, and culms of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) were examined. Variation in the type of phytoliths produced and in the morphometries of the various types produced was evaluated. Morphometric data were obtained using computer-assisted image analysis. Types of phytoliths produced by various plant tissues included silica cell, large and small prickle, hair cell, trichome base, stomata, sheet element, long cell, and subepidermal cell phytoliths. Laterally dendriform subepidermal cell phytoliths were unique to inflorescence tissue. Long (100–250 μm), sinuate, alate trapezoid phytoliths were unique to lamina tissue. Tukey honestly significant difference comparisons indicated that there are some significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between the mean morphometries of silica cell phytoliths produced in the lamina tissue and those produced in the culm and inflorescence tissues. Discriminant functions based on the morphometric data obtained were effective in distinguishing between populations of silica cell phytoliths extracted from each of the plant tissue types. These results suggest that (i) when preparing reference matrial for phytolith analysis, each part of a plant should be sampled and evaluated separately, and (ii) discriminant analysis of morphometric data obtained through image analysis is a potentially valuable research tool for the further development and application of phytolith systematics. Key words: phytoliths, image analysis, Triticum monococcum.

scholarly journals Impact of crossing of Svrljig pramenka with East Friesian sheep on change in milk protein content

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5-6-2) ◽  
pp. 153-161
Author(s):  
D. Miocinovic ◽  
Anka Kasalica ◽  
J. Miocinovic-Djerovski
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Sheep Breed ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

This research paper presents the results obtained based on a study on the impact of crossing the Svrljig pramenika and East Friesian sheep breed on the milk protein content and yield in the F1 generation of crossbreeds in the course of lactation. In all the three sheep breeds, while the difference between the first and last lactation months was of exceptionally high significance. The average protein content in the milk yielded by the East Friesian sheep and crossbreeds is very similar and amounts to 5.32% and 5.37%, while in the Svrljig Pramenka it was 5.53%. Based on the statistical significance appraisal of the differences in mean values of protein content in each stated breeds for the whole lactation period a highly significant difference between the Svrljig Pramenka and East Friesian sheep (p<0.01) can be observed, as well as a significant difference between the Svrljig Pramenka and crossbreeds (p<0.05), and an insignificant difference between the East Friesian breed and crossbreeds(p>0.05). The crossing of the stated breeds had an impact on the increase in the total yield of milk protein in the half-breeds (5948.72g), which is an increase of 1755.36g compared with that in the Svrljig Pramenka, and a decrease of only 237.36g in relation to that in the East Friesian sheep breed.

Mechanical and Surface Properties of Monolithic Zirconia

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. E119-E128 ◽  
Author(s):  
LM Candido ◽  
LN Miotto ◽  
LMG Fais ◽  
PF Cesar ◽  
LAP Pinelli
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Weibull Modulus ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Fracture Pattern ◽  
Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tukey Honestly Significant Difference ◽  
Monolithic Zirconia ◽  
Standard Deviations

SUMMARY Purpose: This study compared monolithic zirconia with conventional ones based on mean roughness (Ra), Vickers hardness (VHN), topography, transmittance, grain size, flexural strength (FS), Weibull modulus, and fractographic behavior. Methods and Materials: One monolithic (Prettau Zircon [PR group]) and two conventional (ICE Zirkon Transluzent [IZ group] and BloomZir [BL group]) zirconias were used. Specimens were tested using a profilometer, a microhardness tester, a scanning electron microscope, a spectrophotometer, and a Universal Testing Machine (EMIC DL 2000). Ra, VHN, grain size, and transmittance were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test associated with Dunn test (α=0.05). FS was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with the Tukey honestly significant difference test (α=0.05). Results: Means and standard deviations of roughness, after sintering (Ra, in μm) and VHN, were, respectively, 0.11 ± 0.01, 1452.16 ± 79.49, for the PR group; 0.12 ± 0.02, 1466.72 ± 91.76, for the IZ group; and 0.21 ± 0.08, 1516.06 ± 104.02, for the BL group. BL was statistically rougher (p&lt;0.01) than PR and IZ. Hardness was statistically similar (p=0.30) for all groups. Means and standard deviations of FS (in MPa) were 846.65 ± 81.97 for the PR group, 808.88 ± 117.99 for the IZ group, and 771.81 ± 114.43 for the BL group, with no statistical difference (p&gt;0.05). Weibull moduli were 12.47 for the PR group, 7.24 for the IZ group, and 6.31 for the BL group, with no statistical differences. The PR and BL groups had higher transmittance values and grain sizes than the IZ group (p&lt;0.05). Although the BL group had some fractures that originated in the center of the tensile surface, fractographic analyses showed the same fracture pattern. Conclusions: All tested zirconia showed similar VHN, and the monolithic zirconia had similar roughness compared to one of the conventional zirconias. In addition, the monolithic zirconia showed similar flexural strength and Weibull modulus compared to the others even though its mean grain size was larger. The total transmittance of monolithic zirconia was higher than only one of the conventional zirconias tested.

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