CRF01_AE dominates the HIV-1 epidemic in Indonesia

Sexual Health ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuti Parwati Merati ◽  
Claire E. Ryan ◽  
Tim Spelmen ◽  
Dewa N. Wirawan ◽  
I. Made Bakta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Drug Rehabilitation ◽  
Multiple Sexual Partners ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Hiv Epidemic ◽  
Hiv 1

Background: The HIV epidemic in Indonesia remains concentrated in vulnerable populations, namely injecting drug users (IDUs), commercial sex workers (CSWs) and men who have sex with men (MSM). We aimed to determine the HIV-1 subtypes present in Indonesia and to establish the extent of the viral overlap between individuals with different risk factors. Methods: Venous blood samples were collected from HIV-positive individuals primarily from sexually transmissible infection clinics and drug rehabilitation centres in Bali and Jakarta, and applied to filter paper. A polymerase chain reaction-based assay designed to amplify a 330-bp region of the HIV-1 envelope was used to determine HIV-1 subtype result and to perform phylogenetic analysis. Results: Of the 175 individuals recruited to the study, a subtype result was obtained for 108 (62%). Four subtypes were found to exist in the population, CRF01_AE (n = 96, 88.9%), B (n = 10, 9.3%), C (n = 1, 0.9%) and G (n = 1, 0.9%). Of these 108 individuals, 65 (60%) were IDUs, and the remaining 40% were CSWs, MSM, transgender individuals, people with multiple sexual partners or those with no obvious risk factor. CRF01_AE was found to be more common among IDUs with 100% of individuals infected with this subtype. Subtype B was more common among MSM and CSWs (P = <0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed a lack of viral segregation between risk groups. Conclusions: In Indonesia, CRF01_AE continues to dominate the HIV epidemic, although HIV subtype B is responsible for a significant number of sexually acquired infections.

scholarly journals HIV-1 subtype in Scotland: the establishment of a national surveillance system

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. YIRRELL ◽  
L. SHAW ◽  
S. M. BURNS ◽  
S. O. CAMERON ◽  
M. QUIGG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Heterosexual Contact ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv 1

Historically, subtype B viruses in men who have sex with men (MSM) and injecting drug users (IDU) dominated the HIV epidemic in the United Kingdom, whereas non-B heterosexual infections dominate globally. Heterosexual contact is now the most common route of transmission in the United Kingdom. Here we monitor HIV subtype in Scotland, and link it to origin of infection. HIV-1 sequence was generated from new diagnoses and the subtype thus obtained linked with demographic data. Virus was subtyped from 80% (137/171) of all new diagnoses in Scotland. Of 58 individuals infected by heterosexual contact, 74% (43) harboured non-B viruses, contrasting with 7% (5/68) of those infected by IDU or MSM. Eighty-four per cent of non-Bs (46/55) were probably acquired outside the United Kingdom, but nine individuals probably acquired their non-B infection in the United Kingdom. Non-B subtypes of HIV-1 predominate in recently diagnosed, heterosexually acquired infections in Scotland and are present in all risk groups, even those with no exposure outside the United Kingdom.

scholarly journals HIV-1 Transmission Patterns Within and Between Risk Groups in Coastal Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Nduva ◽  
Amin S. Hassan ◽  
Jamirah Nazziwa ◽  
Susan M. Graham ◽  
Joakim Esbjörnsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Transmission Networks ◽  
Coastal Kenya ◽  
Prevention Programmes ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Phylodynamic Analysis ◽  
Hiv 1

AbstractHIV-1 transmission patterns within and between populations at different risk of HIV-1 acquisition in Kenya are not well understood. We investigated HIV-1 transmission networks in men who have sex with men (MSM), injecting drug users (IDU), female sex workers (FSW) and heterosexuals (HET) in coastal Kenya. We used maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetics to analyse new (N = 163) and previously published (N = 495) HIV-1 polymerase sequences collected during 2005–2019. Of the 658 sequences, 131 (20%) were from MSM, 58 (9%) IDU, 109 (17%) FSW, and 360 (55%) HET. Overall, 206 (31%) sequences formed 61 clusters. Most clusters (85%) consisted of sequences from the same risk group, suggesting frequent within-group transmission. The remaining clusters were mixed between HET/MSM (7%), HET/FSW (5%), and MSM/FSW (3%) sequences. One large IDU-exclusive cluster was found, indicating an independent sub-epidemic among this group. Phylodynamic analysis of this cluster revealed a steady increase in HIV-1 infections among IDU since the estimated origin of the cluster in 1987. Our results suggest mixing between high-risk groups and heterosexual populations and could be relevant for the development of targeted HIV-1 prevention programmes in coastal Kenya.

Molecular Characterization of HIV-1 Minority Subtypes in Hong Kong: A Recent Epidemic of CRF07_BC among the Men who have Sex with Men Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Siu-Sing Leung ◽  
Sabrina Wai-Chi To ◽  
Jonathan Hon-Kwan Chen ◽  
Gilman Kit-Hang Siu ◽  
Kenny Chi-Wai Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv 1

Background: Over the past years, an increasing trend was noticed for non-B and non- CRF01_AE HIV-1 strains prevalence in Hong Kong. Objective: In this study, we aimed at using the available HIV-1 pol sequences collected from 1994 to 2013 through our local antiretroviral resistance surveillance program to investigate the molecular epidemiology and evolution of HIV-1 minority subtypes in Hong Kong. We also aimed at investigating their potential association and impact of those transmission risk groups. Methods: A total of 2,315 HIV-1 partial pol sequences were included. HIV-1 genotypes were determined by REGA Genotyping Tool and phylogenetic analysis with reference sequences. The viral evolutionary rates and time of the most common ancestor (tMRCA) were estimated by Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) interference. Results: Apart from the two prevalent HIV-1 genotypes in Hong Kong (subtype B,41.6%, CRF01_AE,40.5%), phylogenetic analysis revealed a broad viral diversity including CRF07_BC(5.1%), subtype C(4.5%), CRF02_AG(1.1%), CRF08_BC(0.8%), subtype A1(0.8%), subtype G(0.4%), subtype D(0.4%), CRF06_cpx(0.4%), subtype F(0.1%), CRF12_BF(0·04%) and other recombinants(4.5%). The top five minority subtypes were further analyzed which demonstrated distinct epidemiological and phylogenetic patterns. Over 70% of subtypes A1, C and CRF02_AG infections were circulated among non-Chinese Asians or African community in Hong Kong and were mainly transmitted between heterosexual regular partners. Instead, over 90% of CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC patients were Chinese. An epidemic cluster was identified in CRF07_BC and estimated to expand from 2002 onwards based on skyline plot and molecular clock analysis. Conclusion: Our results highlighted the emergence of CRF07_BC epidemic in local MSM community, public health interventions targeting the community should be further enhanced to tackle the epidemic.

The Emerging of CRF01_AE: A Clinical Story and Future HIV/AIDS Situation in Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-84
Author(s):  
Poramed Winichakoon ◽  
Siripong Tongjai
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Male Clients ◽  
Hiv Epidemic ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Hiv Aids

The HIV epidemic in Thailand in the 1980’s compromised the country’s socio-economic development. The epidemic first became evident in the community of men with male sexual partners (MSM), and subsequently spread to intravenous drug users (IVDU), female commercial sex workers (CSW) and their male clients, and, ultimately, to their partners and children. The HIV epidemic has devastated the country’s working-age population. The extensive negative impact and social stigma associated with the disease do not only have an impact on the victims of HIV but also on their descendants and relatives. An epicenter of the HIV epidemic has been in the northern provinces of Thailand. An HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE, a complex chimeric virus composed of both A and E subtypes, is prevalent in Northern Thailand. The virus has quickly become a predominant viral strain circulating in Thailand, other neighboring Southeast Asian countries, and China as well as some other countries throughout the world. The epidemiology, evolution, and biology of CRF01_AE offer a unique model for further scientific investigations which would advance the knowledge of and curative strategies against HIV. In addition, Thailand has developed suitable national guidelines on HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention in order to control the epidemic. Effective antiretroviral drugs are, therefore, able to be made available to those who live with HIV. The national surveillance system has also been effective. The great efforts and resources which Thailand has dedicated to the fight against the epidemic have eventually paid off. In 2010, a plan was proposed to eliminate mother-to-child HIV transmission and Thailand has become the first country to be effective in this objective. Thailand therefore has become recognized as being the global leader in HIV prevention and treatment. The experience which Thailand has gained from the past and the current research and management strategies of the HIV epidemic has prepared the country for emerging strains of HIV-1 in the future.

scholarly journals HIV subtypes in Scotland, 2000–2006

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (8) ◽  
pp. 1069-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. YIRRELL ◽  
L. SHAW ◽  
E. CAMPBELL ◽  
S. M. BURNS ◽  
S. O. CAMERON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Intravenous Drug Users ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Hiv Subtypes

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to document the dynamics of HIV-1 subtypes in Scotland over a 6-year period. Viral RNA from all-new diagnoses was amplified by nested PCR and sequenced in the gag and/or env regions. Subtype was assigned by phylogenetic analysis, and aligned with demographic data including likely route and geographical origin of infection. We present data on 80% of all new diagnoses in Scotland between April 2000 and April 2006. Within the background of an expanding epidemic, subtype B predominates in men who have sex with men and intravenous drug users but there is a small but consistent number of UK-acquired infections in these risk groups caused by non-B subtypes. In heterosexuals, non-B subtypes acquired abroad, especially Africa, are still the largest group but again UK-acquired numbers are rising. The social and clinical significance of the spread of non-B subtypes in different ethnic and risk groups remains to be established.

scholarly journals Distinct Circulating Recombinant HIV-1 Strains Among Injecting Drug Users and Sex Workers in Afghanistan

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Sanders-Buell ◽  
Meera Bose ◽  
Abdul Nasir ◽  
Catherine S. Todd ◽  
M. Raza Stanekzai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Injecting Drug Users ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Contribution of transgender sex workers to the complexity of the HIV-1 epidemic in the metropolitan area of Milan

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Lai ◽  
Annalisa Bergna ◽  
Francesco Roberto Simonetti ◽  
Marco Franzetti ◽  
Giorgio Bozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
South American ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
Hiv 1

ObjectivesTransgender people are disproportionately affected by the HIV-1 epidemic. We evaluated the origin of HIV-1 variants carried by South American transgenders living in Milan by combining accurate phylogenetic methods and epidemiological data.MethodsWe collected 156 HIV-1 pol sequences obtained from transgender patients engaged in sex work (TSWs) followed between 1999 and 2015 at L. Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted by HIV-TRACE, MrBayes, MacClade and Beast programs. Reference sequences were retrieved from Los Alamos and local databases. Last negative testing or proxy data from clinical records of infected individuals were used to investigate the country of infection.ResultsAmong South American TSWs, the most represented HIV-1 subtypes were B (70.5%), F1 (12.8%) and C (4.4%). Gene flow migrations of B subtype indicated significant fluxes from TSWs to Italians (21.3%) belonging to all risk groups (26.4% to heterosexuals (HEs), 18.9% to men who have sex with men (MSM), 15.1% to injecting drug users). The largest proportion of bidirectional fluxes were observed between Italians and TSWs (24.6%). For F1 subtype, bidirectional viral fluxes involved TSWs and Italians (7.1% and 14.3%), and a similar proportion of fluxes linked TSWs and Italian HEs or MSM (both 15.8%). Significant fluxes were detected from Italians to TSWs for subtype C involving both MSM (30%) and HEs (40%). Country of HIV-1 acquisition was identified for 72 subjects; overall, the largest proportion of patients with B subtype (73.5%) acquired HIV-1 infection in South America.ConclusionsOur results indicated that South American transgenders largely contribute to the heterogeneity of HIV-1 variants in our country. The high number of clusters based on all subtypes indicated numerous transmission chains in which TSWs were constantly intermixed with HEs and MSM. Our results strongly advocate interventions to facilitate prevention, diagnosis and HIV-1 care continuum among transgender people.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Deletions in p6Gag Domain of HIV-1 CRF07_BC Ameliorate Galectin-3 Mediated Enhancement in Viral Budding

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Hung Wang ◽  
Chun-Sheng Yeh ◽  
Chih-Yen Lin ◽  
Ruei-Yu Yuan ◽  
Aspiro Nayim Urbina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Viral Budding ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Infectious Clones ◽  
Galectin 3 ◽  
Hiv 1

HIV-1 CRF07_BC is a recombinant virus with amino acid (a.a.) deletions in p6Gag, which are overlapped with the Alix-binding domain. Galectin-3 (Gal3), a β-galactose binding lectin, has been reported to interact with Alix and regulate HIV-1 subtype B budding. This study aims to evaluate the role of Gal3 in HIV-1 CRF07_BC infection and the potential effect of a.a. deletions on Gal3-mediated regulation. A total of 38 HIV-1+ injecting drug users (IDUs) were enrolled in the study. Viral characterization and correlation of Gal3 were validated. CRF07_BC containing 7 a.a. deletions and wild-type in the p6Gag (CRF07_BC-7d and -wt) were isolated and infectious clones were generated. Viral growth kinetic and budding assays using Jurkat-CCR5/Jurkat-CCR5-Gal3 cells infected with CRF07_BC were performed. Results indicate that 69.4% (25/38) of the recruited patients were identified as CRF07_BC, and CRF07_BC-7d was predominant. Slow disease progression and significantly higher plasma Gal3 were noted in CRF07_BC patients (p < 0.01). Results revealed that CRF07_BC infection resulted in Gal3 expression, which was induced by Tat. Growth dynamic and budding assays indicated that Gal3 expression in Jurkat-CCR5 cells significantly enhanced CRF07_BC-wt replication and budding (p < 0.05), while the promoting effect was ameliorated in CRF07_BC-7d. Co-immunoprecipitation found that deletions in the p6Gag reduced Gal-3-mediated enhancement of the Alix–Gag interaction.

scholarly journals Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Diversity at Time of Infection Is Not Restricted to Certain Risk Groups or Specific HIV-1 Subtypes

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (13) ◽  
pp. 7279-7283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manish Sagar ◽  
Erin Kirkegaard ◽  
E. Michelle Long ◽  
Connie Celum ◽  
Susan Buchbinder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT African women frequently acquire several genetically distinct human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants from a heterosexual partner, whereas the acquisition of multiple variants appears to be rare in men. To determine whether newly infected individuals in other risk groups acquire genetically diverse viruses, we examined the viral envelope sequences in plasma samples from 13 women and 4 men from the United States infected with subtype B viruses and 10 men from Kenya infected with non-subtype B viruses. HIV-1 envelope sequences differed by more than 2% in three U.S. women, one U.S. man, and one Kenyan man near the time of seroconversion. These findings suggest that early HIV-1 genetic diversity is not exclusive to women from Africa or to infection with any particular HIV-1 subtype.

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