scholarly journals A study on tributyltin contamination of marine sediments in the major ports of Fiji

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matakite Maata ◽  
Kanayathu Koshy
Keyword(s):  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Contaminated Site ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Fishery Resources ◽  
The World ◽  
Marine Antifouling

Tri-n-butyltin (TBT) compounds are synthetic, multipurpose chemicals, which have been extensively used, in marine antifouling paints. They have been known to be extremely poisonous to mollusc fishery resources (oysters, clams, scallops, etc.). TBT levels in marine sediments from the main ports in Fiji were analysed using the GC/FPD method. The results indicated that these sites were among the worst polluted with TBT in the world. The most contaminated site recorded a TBT concentration of 360 μgg-1. TBT comprised 48-90% of the total organotins measured. Some stringent legislative means are needed to regulate the use of this contaminant in marine anti-fouling paints.

Survey for Tributyltin in Water and Sediment in Canada in 1999

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. James Maguire ◽  
Suzanne P. Batchelor
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Benthic Organisms ◽  
Freshwater Sediments ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Small Craft

Abstract A survey of water and sediment from 152 harbours, marinas and shipping channels across Canada was conducted in 1999 to determine the extent of contamination by tributyltin (TBT) prior to the total ban on its antifouling uses being phased in over the period 2003 to 2008, and to assess the effectiveness of the 1989 regulation of antifouling uses of TBT under the Canadian Pest Control Products Act. TBT was found in sediments in this survey much more frequently than in water. The main conclusion was that by 1999 the regulation had been generally effective in reducing TBT contamination in water, but not sediment, in small-craft marinas and harbours. TBT continued to be found in some freshwater and seawater locations frequented by larger vessels, that could have been legally painted at the time with TBT antifouling paints, at concentrations that could cause chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms. TBT was also found in many marine sediments, and some freshwater sediments, at concentrations that could cause chronic toxicity to sensitive benthic organisms. In addition, TBT concentrations in many marine sediments could cause acute toxicity to sensitive benthic organisms. Because of the long persistence of TBT in sediments, it may pose a hazard to benthic organisms in some locations in Canada for many years after the total ban on antifouling uses of TBT.

Non-toxic alternative compounds for marine antifouling paints

2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirta E. Stupak ◽  
Mónica T. Garcı́a ◽  
Miriam C. Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Marine Antifouling

The Synthesis and Bioactivities of 2-Hydroxyethyl Benzo[d] Isothiazole-3(2H)-One Marine Antifouling Paints

2013 ◽  
Vol 646 ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Xin Yang ◽  
Cheng Hang You ◽  
Xiang Hui Wang ◽  
Qiang Lin
Keyword(s):  
1H Nmr ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Aromatic Acid ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Fouling Organism ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Marine Fouling ◽  
Fouling Organisms ◽  
Marine Antifouling

Twenty-one novel compounds were synthesized from the benzo[d]isothiazole-3(2H)-one and aromatic acid, the structures were identified by means of 1H NMR, IR, EA. The intro antibacterial experiment was carried out to evaluate the activities against antibacterial and the marine hanging plate experiment was also carried out to evaluate the activities against marine fouling organism. The results showed that all the compounds were active against the six bacterials, with an inhibiting rate of 90% at the concentration of 32 µg/ml against Gram-positive bacterials, and the antifouling paints couldn’t be attached by marine fouling organisms in the marine environment for more than 3 months.

A Glossary of the Extant Haptophyta of the World

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Jordan ◽  
A. Kleijne ◽  
B.R. Heimdal ◽  
J.C. Green
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Round Table ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
Forms Of Life

The Haptophyta comprises a group of microalgae of particular importance in marine habitats, often occurring in ‘bloom’ concentrations, sometimes with devastating effects where the bloom is composed of species toxic to other forms of life. The most familiar species are the coccolithophorids, unicellular organisms encased in calcified scale-like structures, the coccoliths, which are readily preserved in marine sediments and have for a long time been important indicators in micropalaeontological studies. In the middle of this century it was recognized that there was a need to compile and standardize the terminology used in coccolith morphology (Braarud et al., 1955; Halldal & Markali, 1955). This approach was continued by several authors (e.g. Hay et al., 1966; Okada & McIntyre, 1977; Tappan, 1980; Perch-Nielsen, 1985) in published articles, and in the report from a Round Table session at the Rome 1970 Plankton Conference (Farinacci, 1971), which included terms from both fossil and extant taxa. Over the last two decades many new terms have been introduced as observations on coccolith morphology have improved through the use of the electron microscope, and recent glossaries covering various aspects of haptophyte terminology have been published by Heimdal (1993), Kleijne (1993) and Margulis et al. (1993).

Endocrine active industrial chemicals: Release and occurrence in the environment

2003 ◽  
Vol 75 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1895-1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Johnson ◽  
M. Jürgens
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Endocrine Disruptor ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Aquatic Ecology ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Marine Antifouling

Of the xenobiotic endocrine active substances (EASs), tributyltin (TBT) has had the clearest link to an impact on aquatic ecology. Its release from marine antifouling paints had a drastic impact on dogwhelk populations in polluted harbors due to a masculization effect. 4-tert-nonylphenol is seen as the most significant of the industrial xenobiotic estrogen mimics, being implicated as the dominant endocrine disruptor in certain industrialized river reaches. Apart from hot spots associated with particular industries, the estrogenic alkylphenols, phthalates, and bisphenol A are present in effluent and receiving water at concentrations below that which would give cause for concern. Other more bioaccumulative compounds such as polybrominated flame retardants, dioxins, furans may possess some endocrine active properties. The possibility of additivity effects may yet mean that low concentrations of xenobiotic EASs will need careful consideration. It is noted that considerable quantities of many of these compounds are often found in sewage sludge and sediments.

Review of the Persistence, Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of Tributyltin in Aquatic Environments in Relation to Canada's Toxic Substances Management Policy

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. James Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Hazards ◽  
International Maritime Organization ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Ship Hulls ◽  
The World

Abstract The extremely toxic antifouling pesticide tributyltin (TBT) was regulated in many countries in the 1980s and 1990s. The regulations have been successful in reducing the toxic threat posed by TBT in many locations around the world. However, there are also many locations at which recovery has not been seen, even 10 years after regulation. Because of continuing concern about the environmental hazards of TBT, the International Maritime Organization proposes to prohibit all antifouling uses of TBT by 2003, and the presence of TBT on ship hulls by 2008. Canada has recently announced a prohibition on the use of organ-otin antifouling paints by January 1, 2003. This article reviews the persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity of TBT in aquatic environments, and concludes that TBT meets all such criteria for designation as a Track 1 substance under Canada's Toxic Substances Management Policy, necessitating measures to virtually eliminate it from the Canadian environment. Because of the long persistence of TBT in sediment, there may be a "legacy problem" in sediments in some locations in Canada for perhaps 20 to 30 years after a total ban.

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