The roots of applied linguistics in North America

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Angelis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Present Summary

Abstract This article traces the origins of applied linguistics within North America. The primary sources of information were responses from a survey of leading applied linguists conducted in 1999 and a review of records from professional associations, chiefly those associated with the Linguistic Society of America, back to its foundation in 1924. Evidence is reported of the recognition of applied linguistics even with that designation as early as 1925. Extensive work is cited of an applied nature for three decades after that, much of it not carrying any such label. Likewise, language related activity conducted by many known more as specialists in other fields is reported from throughout the nineteenth century. A chronological record of North American applied linguistics is proposed showing four phases. The first predates the foundation of the Linguistic Society of America (prior to 1924). The second, labeled the post LSA period, covers the years from 1925 through 1959. The third, the early applied era, extends from 1960 to 1990 and the fourth, the independent status period extends from 1990 to the present. Summary comments portray the character of applied linguistics in North America in relation to similar activities in other geographical areas.

scholarly journals The impact of evangelical revivals on global mission: The case of North American evangelicals in Brazil in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward L. Smither
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Global Missions ◽  
Global Mission ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Evangelical Identity ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the current article is to show that an important element behind the establishment of evangelical missions to Brazil � particularly during the pioneering stages � was evangelical revival, especially that which occurred in North America during the nineteenth century. Following a brief introduction to the general relationship between eighteenth- and nineteenth century revivals and evangelical missions, I shall endeavour to support historically the commonly accepted, yet often unsubstantiated, correlation between such movements of revival and mission. Firstly, I will show the significant paradigm shift in missional thinking, which took place in the nineteenth century, as North American evangelicals began to regard Roman Catholic countries in Latin America as mission fields. Secondly, I shall argue that the influence of nineteenth-century revivalist evangelicalism (particularly that sourced in North America) on missions to Brazil and Latin America can best be observed in the Brazilian evangelical identity that emerged in the twentieth century, which has, in turn, propelled the Brazilian evangelical church into its own significant involvement in global missions (Noll 2009:10).

The Irish Priest in North America

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 311-352
Author(s):  
Owen Dudley Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Frederick Jackson Turner ◽  
Catholic Clergy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Major Significance

To assert at the outset of this study, as I do, that the task before me is both impossible and essential, may be justly proclaimed a proceeding both cowardly and obvious. We are principally concerned with the nineteenth century, but the twentieth century prolonged many of the features of Irish Roman Catholic clerical identity of the nineteenth, in North America as elsewhere. Vitally important patterns and castes (social and mental) were established in the eighteenth century, and the first Irish-American Roman Catholic priestof major significance in the United States, John Carroll (1735-1815), first Roman Catholic bishop in the U.SA and first archbishop of Baltimore, owed his American birth initially to migration of his father’s kinsmen in the late seventeenth century. Anglophone North America from 178 3 consisted of two political obediences, with similarities and contrasts both subtle and, at least superficially, forceful. The huge and consistently expanding area of white settlement in North America in which the Irish Catholic clergy participated, created other great divergences: when American historians at the end of the nineteenth century under the influence of figures as divergent as Frederick Jackson Turner of the ‘frontier thesis’, Ulrich Bonnell Phillips of slavery apologetics, and Alfred Thayer Mahan of sea-power celebration, looked to environmentalism as the chief explanation of the American past, they may have oversimplified—indeed, they did oversimplify—but their sheer preoccupation with the question gives its own warnings against a filio-pietism which chooses to see an Irish ethnic character resolutely asserting itself to the third, fourth, and even later generations.

FORUM ON KATHARINE GERBNER'S CHRISTIAN SLAVERY: CONVERSION AND RACE IN THE PROTESTANT ATLANTIC WORLD

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-753
Author(s):  
Jon Sensbach
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Slave Traders ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Plantation System

Between roughly 1500 and nearly the end of the nineteenth century, slave traders sent more than twelve million enslaved Africans to the Americas. It is no secret that Christianity was deeply complicit with the rise of the plantation system that created the lethally voracious demand for forced labor. Two basic questions have preoccupied historians studying the links between religion and slavery: why did Christianity become an ideological bulwark for human bondage; and why did enslaved Africans and their descendants begin to embrace a religion so friendly to slavery, inverting it into a spiritual vernacular of liberation and transcendence? Whereas historians of Atlantic world Protestantism have mostly probed these questions in their North American contexts, Katherine Gerbner's book, Christian Slavery: Conversion and Race in the Protestant Atlantic World, shifts the focus to the Caribbean of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Protestant missionaries there began proselytizing among enslaved Africans at least half a century earlier than in North America, creating connections between race, religion, and slavery that would prove perniciously durable across both time and region. In this forum, four distinguished scholars consider the implications of Gerbner's work.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Frank Towers
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Nation State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
The U.S

Today’s political map of North America took its basic shape in a continental crisis in the 1860s, marked by Canadian Confederation (1867), the end of the U.S. Civil War (1865), the restoration of the Mexican Republic (1867), and numerous wars and treaty regimes conducted between these states and indigenous peoples through the 1870s. This volume explores the tumultuous history of North American state-making in the mid-nineteenth century from a continental perspective that seeks to look across and beyond the traditional nation-centered approach. This introduction orients readers by first exploring the meaning of key terms—in particular sovereignty and its historical attachment to the concept of the nation state—and then previewing how contributors interrogate different themes of the mid-century struggles that remade the continent’s political order. Those themes fall into three main categories: the character of the states made and remade in the mid-1800s; the question of sovereignty for indigenous polities that confronted the European-settler descended governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States; and the interaction between capitalist expansion and North American politics, and the concomitant implications of state making for sovereignty’s more diffuse meaning at the level of individual and group autonomy.

Icelandic Cake Fight: History of an Immigrant Recipe

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
Laurie K. Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
English Language ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Heritage ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Culinary Traditions ◽  
Oral History Interviews

This article explores the history of vínarterta, a striped fruit torte imported by Icelandic immigrants to North America in the late nineteenth century and obsessively preserved by their descendants today. When roughly 20–25 percent of the population of Iceland relocated to North America between 1870 and 1914, they brought with them a host of culinary traditions, the most popular and enduring of which is this labor-intensive, spiced, layered dessert. Considered an essential fixture at any important gathering, including weddings, holidays, and funerals, vínarterta looms large in Icelandic–North American popular culture. Family recipes are often closely guarded, and any alterations to the “correct recipe,” including number of layers, inclusion or exclusion of cardamom or frosting, and the use of almond extract, are still hotly debated by community members who see changes to “original” recipes as a controversial, even offensive sign of cultural degeneration. In spite of this dedication to authenticity, this torte is an unusual ethnic symbol with a complex past. The first recipes for “Vienna torte” were Danish imports via Austria, originally popular with the Icelandic immigrant generation in the late nineteenth century because of their glamorous connections to continental Europe. Moreover, the dessert fell out of fashion in Iceland roughly at the same time as it ascended as an ethnic symbol in wartime and postwar North American heritage spectacles. Proceeding from recipe books, oral history interviews, memoirs, and Icelandic and English language newspapers, this article examines the complex history of this particular dessert.

Roving Printers

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-65
Author(s):  
David Finkelstein
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South African ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
North American ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Highly Skilled ◽  
English Speaking

Using archival records and primary sources derived from English, Scottish, Irish, Australasian, South African, and North American print trade union sources, this chapter examines the phenomenon of the ‘tramping typographer’ in the long nineteenth century. English-speaking printers circulated across regions and continents, acting as transmitters of union values and trade skills, and becoming central to the expansion of labour interests in new territories. Such circulation of highly skilled workers played its part in the development of nineteenth-century anglophone print economies. Between 1830 and 1914, supported by emigration and removal grant schemes, printers and print union members circulated overseas, setting up businesses, engaging in labour and union politics, and creating the print culture infrastructures that sustained social, communal, and national communication and identity.

A review of the taxonomy of five Ontario genera of freshwater cyclopoid Copepoda (Crustacea)

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2594-2604 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Dussart ◽  
C. H. Fernando
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Cyclopoid Copepod ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
The Third ◽  
Considerable Confusion ◽  
The Status ◽  
Variable Species ◽  
Provisional Identification

Examination of material of five cyclopoid copepod genera found in Ontario fresh waters and a comparison with species of these genera from other parts of the world closely related to Ontario species has given some very interesting results. The widespread Ectocyclops phaleratus was the species previously recorded from Ontario. However, the Ontario material fits the description of E. polyspinosus Harada, 1931, known from Taiwan. There is considerable confusion in the nomenclature of North American species of Eucyclops. In Ontario Eucyclops serrulatus is found. This widespread and variable species needs revision on the basis of worldwide material. Hence, only a provisional identification can be made now. The species previously called E. speratus in Ontario is a hitherto underscribed species, E. neomacruroides, closely related to, but we think distinct from, E. macruroides and E. speratus. The third species is Eucyclops macruroides denticulatus and the fourth is the very distinctive E. prionophorus. In the genus Tropocyclops, besides the widely occurring Tropocyclops prasinus prasinus, T. extensus was found. This latter species has been consistently identified as T. prasinus mexicanus since 1959. Four species of the genus Acanthocyclops occur in Ontario. Acanthocyclops robustus is very common; A. vernalis is rare and so are A. venustoides and A. carolinianus. We are unable to resolve the status of A. venustoides bispinosus, as only late copepodid stages of this species, and no mature adults, are available. Mesocyclops americanus, long called M. leuckarti, is now a well-documented species, much rarer than the somewhat atypical (for the genus) M. edax, well known in North America. Our proposed designations for North American species are summarized. There is a need to collect material year round from all available biotopes to document the species composition of Ontario Copepoda. Our work is also a first step in clarifying the status of North American Copepoda, comparing material from North America and elsewhere.

Civilization Itself Consents

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coll Thrush
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
North American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Imperial Culture ◽  
The Third ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Wild West

This chapter considers two moments—an ethnographic display of military regimentation from the third quarter of the nineteenth century, and an anti-modern jeremiad from the first years of the twentieth. Both involved North American Indigenous people and were deeply shaped by narratives of civilization and progress. But perhaps more importantly, both happened in a specific place and time: the late Victorian and Edwardian city, where particular kinds of urban development created new anxieties about London and its empire. These strands came together at a series of large-scale Indigenous spectacles in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. A Seneca runner, a group of Aboriginal Australian cricketers, a Maori rugby side, and Lakota Wild West Show performers all riveted London, and their presence there speaks much not just about Indigenous visitors but about Victorian and Edwardian—and imperial—culture.

Unusual crinoids from the Ramp Creek Formation (Mississippian), Indian Creek, Montgomery County, Indiana

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 898-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Gary Lane ◽  
Robert M. Howell
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Montgomery County ◽  
Anal Plate ◽  
Old World ◽  
The Third ◽  
American Counterpart ◽  
Indian Creek ◽  
Three New Species

Three new species of inadunate crinoids of Early Mississippian age from the Ramp Creek Formation along Indiana Creek, southern Montgomery County, Indiana, are described. Poteriocrinites amplus n. sp. is the first correctly identified record from North America of this long-ranging Old World genus. Poteriocrinites macropleurus and P. doris from the Burlington Limestone are here reassigned to Springericrinus. Interchange of Mississippian crinoid genera between Europe and North America is rare, many genera being endemic. Springericrinus sacculus n. sp. is the youngest reported species of this North American counterpart of Poteriocrinites. This new species exhibits two advanced features: presence of only one, rather than three, anal plate, and presence of 3 or 4, rather than 1 or 2, primibrachial plates per ray. The third species, Decadocrinus stellatus n. sp., presents an interesting blend of characters usually used as generic discriminators between Decadocrinus and Histocrinus. The specimen could possibly be considered to be an intermediate between these two genera that are currently placed, incorrectly we believe, in two separate superfamilies.

Indigenous Elsewhere: Lord Selkirk and Native Memory and Resettlement

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-200
Author(s):  
Kenneth McNeil
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
State Policy ◽  
New World ◽  
Aboriginal People ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Third ◽  
Immigration And Settlement ◽  
Radical Transformation

The third chapter explores reconceptualisations of the ‘aborigine’ in the writing of a pivotal figure in British immigration and settlement history, Thomas Douglas, Earl of Selkirk. Selkirk’s proposals to solve the problem of dispossession in the Highlands through planned Highland settlements in the New World brought about a radical transformation in British attitudes to Highland emigration and, in the process, helped reshape a national and imperial geography, in large part through a reimagining of ‘native’ folk memory. This chapter examines Selkirk’s published and unpublished writing, in which he lays claim to the value of an ‘aboriginal’ people, arguing for the preservation of a Highland way of life in ethnically pristine ‘National Settlements’ that would serve as a bulwark for British interest in the New World. Selkirk’s schemes for wholesale transatlantic resettlement of dispossessed Highlanders reset the terms for the Clearance debate in Scotland; at the same time, these ideas – and those on the future of indigenous people in North America – also helped to set the parameters of state policy on native removals and resettlement in the Atlantic world in the nineteenth century.

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